Oct. 29.] THE NEW ZEALAND GAZETTE. 2289

mentary knowledge of the chief orders of plants and the
chief orders of animals that are at present represented in
New Zealand; recognition of a well-known mineral or of a
common rock from specimens or from descriptions.

(28.) Botany.—Elementary general biology; elementary
morphology, anatomy, and physiology of plants; elementary
knowledge of the structure and life-history of the bean, the
pine, the fern, the liverwort (Marchantia or Lunularia), of
Spirogyra, of a mould (Mucor), of Haematococcus, of yeast, of
Bacterium; a knowledge of the chief divisions of plants and
the characters of the Pteridophyta (or vascular cryptogam-),
and of the following orders of flowering plants—Graminaceae,
Liliaceae, Orchidaceae, Ranunculaceae, Cruciferae, Gerani-
aceae, Umbelliferae, Myrtaceae, Rosaceae, Leguminosae, Scro-
phulariaceae, Compositae, Coniferae; an elementary general
knowledge of the New Zealand flora; recognition and classi-
fication of a well-known plant from a specimen or from a
description. The process of dissecting plants, and of pre-
paring sections for microscopical examination (not involving
the use of other than the very commonest reagents). Ability to describe a flowering plant or a fern.

(29.) Zoology.—Elementary general biology, physiology,
and histology; life-history and elements of structure of the
dogfish, the mussel, the crayfish, the starfish, of Hydra, of
Amoeba, as also of Haematococcus and of Bacterium; the
principal characters of the following subdivisions of the
animal kingdom—Protozoa (Rhizopoda, Foraminifera,
Radiolaria, Flagellata, Ciliata), Porifera, Coelenterata (Hy-
drozoa, Anthozoa), Echinodermata (Asteroidea, Ophiu-
roidea, Echinoidea, Holothuroidea, Crinoidea), Platyhel-
minthes (Turbellaria, Trematoda, Cestoda), Nemathel-
minthes (Nematoda), Annelida (Hirudinea, Chaetopoda),
Polyzoa, Mollusca (Gasteropoda, Cephalopoda, Lamellibran-
chiata), Arthropoda (Crustacea, Arachnida, Insecta), Chor-
data (Tunicata, Cephalochorda, Craniata—Pisces, Amphibia,
Reptilia, Aves, Mammalia); an elementary general know-
ledge of the New Zealand fauna; recognition and classifi-
cation of a well-known animal from a specimen or from a
description. The simpler processes of dissecting and of pre-
paring unstained objects for microscopical examination.

(30.) Physiology and the Structure of the Body.—The
chief differences between animals and plants, especially
as regards nutrition. The animal cell and its more im-
portant modifications. Structure of bone and of cartilage;
the principal bones of the human skeleton, their arrange-
ment and functions; structure of the principal joints.
Muscles, their structure, mode of attachment, and func-
tions, with a knowledge of the principal muscles that give
form to the human body. The structure and functions
of the vocal organs. The alimentary tract and the func-
tion of alimentation. The lymphatic system. The heart,
and the circulatory system in general, including the physical
composition and functions of the blood. Respiration and
the respiratory organs. Glands, especially those concerned
in alimentation; secretion in general; excretion and excre-
tory organs. Structure and function of the kidneys. The
skin and its functions. A general knowledge of the central
nervous system, with a knowledge of a few of the principal
nerves and of the principal forms of nerve endings; afferent
and efferent nerves; reflex action and nerve function in
general. The sympathetic nervous system. The organs of
sense, especially the ear and the eye. Practical histological
work will not be demanded, except in so far as the prepara-
tion, without the use of the microtome, of unstained tissue
for microscopical examination is concerned. The paper will
be so framed as to discover by practical tests, or otherwise,
whether the candidate has actually dissected some readily
available mammal, as rabbit, dog, or sheep.

(31.) Hygiene.—The candidate will be required to answer
questions on elementary physiology and anatomy, on foods
and foodstuffs, on water and beverages, on air and deleterious
impurities of air, on fermentation and putrefaction, on clean-
liness, on contagion; the characters of the chief contagious
and infectious diseases, and on preventive measures; on
clothing, on ventilation, on the disposal of refuse, and on
sanitary precautions generally.

(32.) General Agriculture.—(a.) The parts of plants:
stems, leaves, roots, flowers, and fruit (with special reference
to fruit-trees and agricultural plants). (b.) Fertilisation of
flowers and formation of seed; storage of food in seeds,
roots, &c.; germination. (c.) Composition of plants; the
meaning of the terms “organic” and “inorganic”; elements
and compounds; outlines of chemistry of air and water.
(d.) How plants obtain their food: function of the leaf;
decomposition of carbonic acid; leaf-green; importance of
water to the plant; absorption of food by the roots; action
of root-hairs. (e.) The soil: how soils are formed; decay of
rocks; chemical constituents of soil; subsoil; humus; the
soil as a source of plant-food. (f.) Brief outline of the
chemistry of the elements essential to the growth of plants;
influence of light, warmth, and moisture on plant growth;
bacteria as the cause of decay and fermentation. (g.) Soils:
mechanical analysis of soils; classification of soils; good

and bad qualities of soils; influence of mechanical conditions
of soils on their fertility; plant-food in the soil, available and
dormant. (h.) Tillage: the objects to be obtained by til-
lage; improvement in the mechanical condition; import-
ance of a good seed-bed; chemical changes induced by
exposure to the air; action of bacteria, &c., in the soil; fal-
lows; tillage as partly replacing manure; water in the soil;
capillary action in the soil; drainage; possible loss of
plant-food in drainage water; difference in modes of culti-
vation for light and heavy soils; plant-food in the soil;
exhaustion of the soil; principle of application of manures;
principal of rotation of crops; improvement of the soil.
(i.) Manures: object of manuring; general and special
manures; farm-yard manure, its composition and value,
its liability to ferment; management to prevent loss of
value; vegetable and animal refuse as manures; green
manuring; plant-food most frequently wanting in soils;
manures supplying particular kinds of plant-food; guanos;
special manures supplying nitrogen; bone manures; super-
phosphate and other mineral manures. Action of lime on
the soil. (j.) Crops: the characteristics of the commoner
crops; cereals, fodder-crops, root-crops; habits of growth of
a plant; distribution of roots. Principle of adaptation of
manures to crops. (k.) Importance of good seed; propaga-
tion of plants by cuttings, tubers, bulbs, &c.; objects of
grafting and pruning; insect pests; insect changes, as illus-
trated by the life-history of common insects; nature of
parasitic fungi. (l.) Agricultural implements, their con-
struction and management. (m.) Live-stock: foods and
feeding; management, accommodation, breeding, &c.

(33.) Agricultural Chemistry.—The atmosphere, rain, dew,
their composition.

Soils:—The origin, formation, and mechanical analysis of
soils; the physical properties of soils; the chemical and
physical properties of the constituents of soils; the effects on
soils of weathering, of vegetable and animal life, and of
tillage; the oxidation of organic matter in soils; the active
or available and the dormant or reserve soil-constituents;
the conditions necessary for the formation of the active from
the dormant constituents, or promoting this formation.

Manures:—Definition of manures; the principles govern-
ing their use; the properties and composition of the chief
general, artificial, and manufactured manures; fermenta-
tion.

Plants:—The organic and inorganic constituents; the pro-
portions of water and solid matter. The ash of plants; the
essential, non-essential, and useful ash-constituents; differ-
ences in composition between the ash of grain and that of
straw or leaf. General composition of farm crops; chemical
elements in the plant obtained from the air and from the
soil; chemical actions in different parts of the plant; effects
of light and heat; chemical changes during germination.

Animals:—Chief organic and inorganic constituents of
animal bodies; ash-constituents of blood, muscle, and bone;
composition of fats; the general composition and values of
ordinary farm foods and their uses in the animal body. The
constituents of milk, cream, butter, and cheese.

(34.) Agricultural Botany.—The ground covered by sec-
tions (a) to (f) of the syllabus for General Agriculture [see
clause 35, section (32)], and in addition a knowledge of the
chief forage and fodder plants. Weeds, their prevention
and destruction, with a special knowledge of the more
troublesome weeds. Seeds, with a knowledge of impurities,
adulterants, and determination of germinating power. The
commoner fungoid diseases of plants; treatment and pre-
vention of such diseases.

(35.) Agricultural Zoology.—A general knowledge of the
classification of animals; a knowledge of the life-history,
geographical distribution, and conditions of existence of such
animals, especially insects, as are of economic importance,
whether as friends or as enemies of the agriculturist (this
does not involve a knowledge of stock); the means of de-
stroying animals injurious to agriculture, or of holding them
in check.

(36.) Commercial Geography has to do with the producing
and distributing of commercial commodities, especially food
and foodstuffs, raw and manufactured products, minerals,
&c., and with the various facilities for trade and hin-
drances to trade. The paper will have special reference
to Great Britain, to New Zealand, to Australia and the
Pacific Islands, and to America. The candidate should be
acquainted with the chief geographical and local conditions
under which commodities are produced and distributed, with
the chief trade routes and means of transit, with the main
features of tariffs so far as they affect New Zealand trade,
with currencies, with social and political characters affect-
ing or likely to affect trade with New Zealand, with ports or
harbours, and with coaling-stations, with the chief post and
telegraph routes, with capacity for commercial development,
with statistics as to total population, and as to the export
and import of the more important articles of trade in which
New Zealand is interested. With regard to New Zealand, a
candidate should be able to show, by chart or otherwise, the