2288 • THE NEW ZEALAND GAZETTE. [No. 83

tion in liquids and gases; hot-water heating systems; ocean currents; ventilation. Laws of fusion and solidification; determination of melting-points and of the latent heat of water; effects of change of volume. Evaporation and boiling; the laws of boiling, and the causes affecting the evaporation and boiling-points of liquids; determination of boiling-points, and of the latent heat of steam. The unit of heat; capacity for heat; specific heat; methods of finding the specific heat of solids and liquids; consequences of the high specific heat of water. Radiation, emission, absorption, and reflection of radiation. Newton’s law of cooling.

(24.) Magnetism and Electricity.—Candidates will not be expected to show any further knowledge of pure mathematics than what is demanded in subject (20) Arithmetic and Algebra, and subject (21) Geometry and Trigonometry.—Magnetism:—Natural and artificial magnets, their parts and properties; tests of permanent magnetization; mutual action of the poles of two bar magnets of equal strength; astatic system; methods of magnetization; notion of a molecular magnet; breaking a magnetized needle; magnetization of a tube of filings; intermediate poles; effects of concussion, heat, and corrosion on a magnet; magnetic saturation; coercive force; retentivity; laws of magnetic force; unit magnet pole; the magnetic field and lines of force; magnetic influence; keepers, and their use; action of a strong magnet on a weak magnetic needle near it; intensity of field and of magnetization; magnetic moment; permeability and susceptibility; graphic representation of the distribution of free magnetism along a bar magnet, and of the lines of force due to a bar magnet, to a horse-shoe magnet without and with its keeper, to various groups of bar magnets, and to pieces of soft iron in the field of a strong magnet; law of oscillations; use of the method of oscillations in comparing the force of the earth’s magnetism at a place with that of a magnet at the same place, in comparing the strength of two magnets, and in examining the surface distribution along a bar magnet. Terrestrial magnetism; declination and mariner’s compass; inclination and the dip-needle; determination of the magnetic meridian, and of the dip at a place; the magnetic elements of a place; the explanation of the behaviour of a compass-needle and of a dip-needle at various places on the earth’s surface; magnetization of a steel bar under the influence of the earth’s magnetism.

Statical Electricity:—Two kinds of electrification, their simultaneous and equal development, and their mutual reactions; conductors and non-conductors; electrification by contact; influence of a charged body on earth-connected and on insulated bodies; “free” and “bound” electricity. Gold-leaf electroscope; the electrification of it by contact and by influence; the interpretation of its indications; the use of it in examining the seat and distribution of charges on solid and on hollow conductors of various shapes. The electrophorus and frictional electrical machines; the action of sharp points. Laws of electric action; electrostatic units; capacity; potential; the relation between the quantity of electricity and the capacity and potential of a charged sphere; surface density; energy of discharge; the use of the electroscope in examining the effect of alteration of the area of a charged body on the density of its charge, the disturbance of the distribution of the charge on a body produced by the presence of another charged body, and the electrical condition of a hollow conductor enclosing a charged insulated body; electric screens; subdivision and redistribution of charges on spheres of equal and of different radii after contact. Theory of condensers, as illustrated by the simple condenser and the condenser with movable coats. The Leyden jar; conditions on which its capacity depends; its charge and discharge; the seat of the charge.

Current Electricity:—The parts of a simple voltaic cell and chemical action within it; polarization, its cause and effects; the chief kinds of voltaic cell; conditions which a good cell should fulfil; Ohm’s law, and simple applications of it; absolute and practical units; the total and the available electro-motive force in a circuit; combinations of cells to form batteries; magnetic effect of the current. The astatic and tangent galvanometers and the use of them; magnetic properties of a coiled conductor; Maxwell’s rule; mutual action between two coils, or a coil and a magnet; De la Rive’s floating battery; the magnetic circuit; electromagnets; graphic representation of lines of force due to a solenoid and to an electro-magnet. Conductance and resistance of wires; resistance of conductors in series and in parallel shunts; Wheatstone’s bridge and the use of it. Development and distribution of heat in a circuit; Joule’s law; electric lamps. Chemical effect of the current; electrolysis of water, of hydrochloric acid, and of the sulphates of sodium and copper; voltmeters and the use of them; energy and power of the current; available and wasted power.

(25.) Chemistry.—The three states of matter; indestructibility of matter. Physical changes compared with chemical changes. Difference between mechanical mixtures and chemical compounds. Phenomena of chemical action; conditions that promote or check or otherwise modify chemical action. The metric system. Elements and compounds. Modes of chemical action: direct union, displacement, mutual exchange, decomposition. Effects of pressure and temperature on gases; Boyle’s and Charles’s laws. Estimation of the weight of an element in a given weight of one of its compounds, of the weight of one element required to displace another from a given compound, and of the weight of known volumes of gases. Combining weights; laws of combination of elements in definite proportions by weight; laws of gaseous combination of elements and compounds; atoms and molecules, their relative weights; the atomic theory; Avogadro’s law; meaning and use of symbols, formulae, and equations; valency; graphic formulae; calculations of quantities by volume and by weight. Production and properties of oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen. Air, its properties, the exact determination of its composition; the constituents of the atmosphere; estimation of the amounts of aqueous vapour and of carbonic dioxide. Water, its properties; solution and crystallization; hard and soft water; determination of the composition of water by volume and by weight; production and properties of ozone and of peroxide of hydrogen. The production and properties of chlorine, hydrochloric acid, ammonia, oxides of nitrogen, nitric acid. Definition and general properties of oxides, acids, alkalies, and bases; the basicity of acids and the classification of salts. The physical and chemical properties of the various forms of carbon, sulphur, and phosphorus; the production of the two latter on the large scale; the production and properties of the oxides of the three elements just named; the production and properties of sulphuretted hydrogen, of bisulphide of carbon, of sulphuric acid (manufacture not required), and of phosphoric acid. Experimental determination of the composition of hydrochloric acid, ammonia, carbon dioxide, sulphuretted hydrogen. The halogens, their physical and chemical properties compared; the production of iodine on the large scale; the combinations of the halogens with hydrogen. Production and properties of light and of heavy carburetted hydrogen; coal gas; combustion; flame; oxidizing and reducing agents. General properties of metals and non-metals. Physical and chemical properties of sodium, potassium, calcium, zinc, magnesium, iron, copper, lead, mercury, and silver; the properties of their more important oxides and salts.

(26.) Physiography.—(a.) Forms of matter; units of length, area, volume; quantity of matter; specific gravity; law of Archimedes. Measurement of time; its relation to the earth’s rotation. Velocity; force, resultant of forces. Centre of gravity. Measurement of angles; angular velocity; “centrifugal force.” Energy; forms of energy. Heat and temperature; expansion by heat; thermometers; conduction and convection. Radiation; reflection and refraction; the spectrum; the rainbow; sunset effects. Chemical composition of matter; mixtures and compounds; air and water; oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, iron, mercury, carbon dioxide, lime, silica, alkalies, common salt. Rain, dew, snow, hail, ice. Magnetism; mariner’s compass; variation of the needle; magnetic poles of the earth. Earth’s crust; minerals; rocks, stratified and unstratified. The chief forms of animal and vegetable life; fossils; succession of geological strata.

(b.) The earth’s form; the horizon; the earth’s dimensions and density; rotation of the earth on its axis. Latitude and longitude as angles and as arcs. Distance of earth from sun; dimensions and density of sun. Inclination of earth’s axis; variation of length of day and night; the four seasons. The north and south line; the sun-dial; altitude of the sun; methods of determining latitude and longitude; great circles, small circles. The moon; lunar and solar eclipses; tides. The solar system; planets and “fixed stars”; law of gravity. Maps, how constructed; the conical, equidistant, and Mercator’s projections; scale of map, contour lines; great-circle sailing; rhumb-line sailing. The atmosphere; isothermals; rainfall; dew-point; winds, land and sea breezes, steady winds, cyclones, seasonal winds; Ballot’s law; isobars. Climate, circumstances affecting climate. The earth’s crust, its folding, faulting, movements slow and sudden. Work of rain, ice, rivers, and the sea. Distribution of plants and animals.

N.B.—The candidate will be expected to show that, as far as possible, he has acquired his knowledge of the subject by actual experiment, observation, and measurement, but will not be expected to show any further knowledge of pure mathematics than what is demanded in subject (20) Arithmetic and Algebra, and subject (21) Geometry and Trigonometry.

(27.) Geology.—The general structure of the earth; mode of formation, character, and classification of the chief rocks, especially those represented in New Zealand; a knowledge of the principles upon which classification as to age is determined; a knowledge of geological phenomena and of the methods of geological research; an elementary knowledge of the chief minerals that occur in New Zealand; an ele-