Oct. 29.] THE NEW ZEALAND GAZETTE. 2287

(30.) Physiology and the structure of the body.
(31.) Hygiene.
(32.) General agriculture.
(33.) Agricultural chemistry.
(34.) Agricultural botany.
(35.) Agricultural zoology.
Group IV.—
(36.) Commercial geography.
(37.) Book-keeping.
(38.) Shorthand.
(39.) Needlework.
(40.) Two of the subjects of Handwork (1) to (8), as defined in clause 36.

SCOPE OF THE EXAMINATION FOR CLASS C.
35. The scope of the examination for Class C is here set forth:—

Group I.

(1) to (6). In Reading, Writing, Arithmetic, Music, Drawing, and Elementary Human Physiology, as also in Needlework (of Group IV.), the examination requirements shall be the same as those for Class D, but candidates that hold certificates of Class D need not take these subjects when they present themselves for examination for Class C. A candidate that passes in Arithmetic and Algebra (of Group II.) shall be deemed to have passed in Arithmetic (of Group I.); and a candidate that passes in Physiology and the Structure of the Body (of Group III.) shall be deemed to have passed in Elementary Human Physiology (of Group I.).

(7.) Theory of Education.—(a) The ground covered by the syllabus for Class D; (b) the elements of psychology as applied to teaching; (c) the elements of ethics, with special reference to the government and discipline of children; the laws of health as applied to school premises and to scholars and teachers; (d) the history of education. Candidates must pass in section (a) and in two of the other sections of the subject.

(8.) In English Language and Literature a candidate shall be required to show a fair knowledge of the principles of English composition, ability to write good English, and a knowledge of certain special books, or else of certain special books together with a period of literature. The special books and the period of literature will be chosen from time to time and duly announced.

Group II.

(9) to (15). In Languages and Literature candidates will be required to show reasonable proficiency in translating from and into the language chosen; to show a knowledge of certain special books; and to answer questions in grammar arising out of the special books. In each language one or more special books will be prescribed from time to time and duly announced; and at least one of the passages set for translation from the language shall be taken from a special book so prescribed; and part of the work set for translation into the language shall be based upon the vocabulary and diction of one of such prescribed special books.*

(16.) General History.—Candidates will be required to show a knowledge of the course and of the principal events of European history from the year 1680 to 1880, with some acquaintance with the circumstances prior to that date that affected the character and course of after-history; also some knowledge of the history of British colonisation, and of the United States of America.

(17.) Constitutional History.—Constitutional history of England. The paper will be similar to the paper set for the B.A. examination of the New Zealand University, but it will be somewhat easier.

(18.) Psychology and Ethics.—Psychology: outlines of the physiology of the nervous system; instinct; the senses and the intellect; abstraction; perception. Ethics: the psychology of the will; the ethical standard; the moral faculty; the hedonist, intuitionalist, and utilitarian methods.

(19.) Logic.—Deductive and inductive logic.

(20.) Arithmetic and Algebra.—Algebra shall include quadratic equations and easy surds; easy arithmetical and geometrical series; graphs of simple algebraical functions within the limits of the foregoing work; and graphical methods of solving equations.

(21.) Geometry and Trigonometry.—In geometry the ground covered by Euclid in Books I. to IV., and in propositions 1, 2, 4, 8, 19, and 20 of Book VI.; trigonometry to solution of triangles. In geometry the constructions and proofs of problems or theorems need not be the same as Euclid’s. The theorems may be proved without regard to the order of the problems of construction; but one theorem must not be made to depend on another theorem if in Euclid the latter is, directly or indirectly, dependent on the former. Similarly, the solutions of the problems of construction may be independent of the order of the theorems; but one problem of construction must not be made to depend on another if in Euclid the latter is, directly or indirectly, dependent on the former.

Group III.

(22.) Theoretical Mechanics.—Candidates will not be expected to show any further knowledge of pure mathematics than what is demanded in subject (20) Arithmetic and Algebra, and subject (21) Geometry and Trigonometry.—Solids:—The British and metric systems of measurement. General and specific properties of bodies. Laws of motion; relative and absolute motion; rest. Distinction between mass and weight. Density and relative density. Uniform and variable velocity; measure of velocity. Force, momentum, acceleration; acceleration due to gravity. Representation of forces; composition of two forces acting at a point along parallel or intersecting lines; equilibrium of two or more forces acting at a point; experimental verification of the parallelogram and the triangle of forces; moments of forces; composition of parallel forces; a couple; centre of parallel forces; conditions of equilibrium in case of levers, wheel and axle, pulleys, inclined plane, wedge, and screw. Definition of a machine, mechanical advantage. Laws of uniformly accelerated motion; work and power; energy; its varieties; transformation and conservation of energy. Gravitation; centre of gravity, its position in simple cases determined by experiment; stable, unstable, and neutral equilibrium; the balance; requisites of a good balance; laws of falling bodies; Atwood’s machine; the pendulum.

Fluids:—Distinction between fluids and liquids; properties of liquids; transmission of pressure through a liquid; vertical upward and downward pressure; Bramah press; pressure on sides of containing vessels; centre of pressure; distinction between whole and resultant pressure; hydrostatic paradox; equilibrium of liquids in single and in communicating vessels; the water level; artesian wells; pressure on immersed bodies; principle of Archimedes; determination of the volume of solids; equilibrium of floating bodies; the metacentre; stability of flotation; determination of the specific gravity of soluble and of insoluble solids and of liquids. Physical properties of gases; principle of Archimedes applied to gases; balloons; atmospheric pressure; Torricelli’s experiment; the barometer; verification of Boyle’s law. The siphon; the air pump; the mercury gauge; the compressed-air manometer; the suction pump, the force pump, the suction-and-force pump.

(23.) Sound, Light, and Heat.—Candidates will not be expected to show any further knowledge of pure mathematics than what is demanded in subject (20) Arithmetic and Algebra, and subject (21) Geometry and Trigonometry.—A candidate may answer questions in either (a) Sound and light, or (b) Heat; but no candidate shall be required to answer questions in both (a) and (b).

Sound:—Production of sound; vibrations of sounding bodies; amplitude and frequency of vibrations; pitch and intensity; the causes influencing intensity; velocity of sound in various media, especially in air; sound-waves; wave-length; laws of reflection of sound; echoes and resonances; interference of sound-waves. Properties of musical notes; wave-lengths of notes; consonance and resonance; transverse vibrations; the use of the monochord in illustrating nodes, loops, and the variation of the note with the length, diameter, and tension of a wire; stringed instruments; longitudinal vibrations; open and closed pipes; wind instruments.

Light:—Propagation and velocity of light; pencils and rays, pinhole images; illuminating-power; intensity of light; shadows and penumbrae; eclipses; photometry. Reflection of light; irregular reflection; formation of images in a plane mirror, in parallel and in inclined plane mirrors; the sextant; reflection of light from curved surfaces; determination of the principal foci of concave and convex spherical mirrors; real and virtual images; conjugate foci. Refraction; refractive index; total reflection; transmission of light through a plate, a prism, and a lens; convex and concave lenses; determination of the principal focus of a lens; real and virtual images; conjugate foci; geometrical methods of finding the position of a small object in front of a plane mirror or on the axis of a mirror or lens; relative sizes of an object and of its images formed by mirrors and lenses. The telescope, the microscope, the camera; the eye as an optical instrument. Composition of light; the spectroscope; colour.

Heat:—Sources and nature of heat; distinction between temperature and heat; effects of heat. Thermometry; construction of mercurial thermometers and methods of ascertaining the fixed points. Expansion of solids; determination of the coefficient of linear expansion of a solid; effects and applications of unequal expansion. Real and apparent expansion of liquids; determination of the coefficient of apparent expansion of mercury; expansion of water. Expansion of gases; determination of the coefficient of expansion of gases; the air thermometer. Transmission of heat; conduction in solids and liquids; the safety-lamp; convec-

• The provisions relating to special books will not until further notice apply to Maori.

B