788
THE NEW ZEALAND GAZETTE.
[No. 15

metamorphic rocks; surface-features due to disturbance, volcanic action, and denudation.

An elementary knowledge of the chief orders of plants and the chief orders of animals that are represented in Australasian fossils. Geographical distribution of animals and plants in relation to geology, chronological classification of rocks, geological eras, and the characteristic fossils of the geological periods. The general geological structure of New Zealand, including the broader features of the chief systems of rocks, and the most characteristic genera (only) of fossils. Recognition of a well-known mineral or of a common rock from specimens or from descriptions.

A candidate in Geology will be required to forward to the Department, before the examination, a certificate on the prescribed form that he has gone through a sufficient course of practical work in the subject occupying at least eighty hours.

(23.) Botany.—General: (1.) The general structure and life-history of the following organisms, to illustrate certain general biological phenomena and laws:—Haematococcus, Spirogyra, yeast, bacteria, Amoeba, a ciliate infusorian, a fern, a flowering-plant, Hydra or any hydroid polyp. (2.) General structure and physiology of the cell; the general facts of nuclear division and cell-division. (3.) Principles of classification. (4.) Origin of species, heredity and variation, struggle for existence, use and disuse, degeneration, rudimentary and vestigial organs, modifications for protection and aggression, natural selection, production of varieties, connection between ontogeny and phylogeny. (5.) The bearing of the main facts of geographical and geological distribution on the theory of evolution.

Special: (1.) The general morphology of the cells, tissues, and organs of plants. (2.) The physiology of plants, including the knowledge of simple experiments. (3.) The structure and life-history of the following types: Nostoc, Pleurococcus, Volvox, Vaucheria, Closterium, a stonewort, a diatom, Hormosira or any fucoid, any red Alga, Mucor, Saprolegnia, Penicillium, Peziza, Agaricus, any lichen, Marchantia, any moss, Selaginella, a conifer, lilium. (4.) The classification of plants and the characters of the chief subdivisions of the vegetable kingdom. The principal characters of the following orders: Liliaceæ, Amaryllidaceæ, Irideæ, Orchideæ, Gramineæ, Salicineæ, Polygonæ, Ranunculaceæ, Cruciferæ, Geraniaceæ, Umbelliferæ, Myrtaceæ, Rosaceæ, Leguminosæ, Labiatæ, Scrophularineæ, Solanaceæ, Primulaceæ, Campanulaceæ, Compositæ.

A candidate in Botany will be required to forward to the Department, before the examination, a certificate on the prescribed form that he has gone through a sufficient course of practical work in the subject occupying at least eighty hours.

(24.) Zoology.—General: (1.) The general structure and life-history of the following organisms, to illustrate the biological phenomena and laws, referred to in the succeeding sections: Haematococcus, Spirogyra, Mucor or other mould, yeast, bacteria, Amoeba, a ciliate infusorian, Hydra or any hydroid polyp, frog. (2.) General structure and physiology of the cell; the general facts of nuclear division and cell division. (3.) General structure of the simple tissues in animals; arrangement of tissues into organs and systems of organs. (4.) General phenomena of nutrition, circulation, respiration, and excretion in animals. (5.) Elementary physiology of muscle and nerve. (6.) General phenomena of reproduction, sexual and asexual, in animals. (7.) General phenomena of development in animals. (8.) Principles of classification. (9.) Origin of species, heredity and variation, struggle for existence, use and disuse, degeneration, rudimentary and vestigial organs, modifications for protection and aggression, natural selection, production of varieties, connection between ontogeny and phylogeny. (10.) The bearing of the main facts of geographi-