Feb. 16.] THE NEW ZEALAND GAZETTE. 787

potassium, ammonium, silver, calcium, zinc, magnesium,
copper, mercury, tin, lead, manganese, and iron; the
properties of their more important compounds. The
production and properties of the following carbon
compounds, with special reference to processes of sub-
stitution, oxidation, and reduction, the meaning of
constitutional formulæ, and the evidence on which they
are constructed, and the characters of homologous series:
the homologous paraffins treated as a series, ethylene,
acetylene, methyl and ethyl alcohols, formic acid,
acetic acid, and their relations to one another.

A candidate in Chemistry will be required to for-
ward to the Department, before the examination, a certi-
ficate on the prescribed form that he has gone through
a sufficient course of practical work in the subject occupy-
ing at least eighty hours.

(21.) Physiography.—(a.) Forms of matter; units of length,
area, volume; quantity of matter; specific gravity;
law of Archimedes. Measurement of time; its relation
to the earth’s rotation. Velocity; force, resultant of
forces. Centre of gravity. Measurement of angles;
angular velocity; “centrifugal force.” Energy; forms
of energy. Heat and temperature; expansion by heat;
thermometers; conduction and convection. Radiation;
reflection and refraction; the spectrum; the rainbow;
sunset effects. Chemical composition of matter; mix-
tures and compounds; air and water; oxygen, nitrogen,
carbon, iron, mercury, carbon dioxide, lime, silica, alka-
lies, common salt. Rain, dew, snow, hail, ice. Mag-
netism; mariner’s compass; variation of the needle;
magnetic poles of the earth. Earth’s crust; minerals;
rocks, stratified and unstratified. The chief forms of
animal and vegetable life; fossils; succession of geo-
logical strata.

(b.) The earth’s form; the horizon; the earth’s
dimensions and density; rotation of the earth on its axis.
Latitude and longitude as angles and as arcs. Distance
of earth from sun; dimensions and density of sun.
Inclination of earth’s axis; variation of length of day
and night; the four seasons. The north and south line;
the sun-dial; altitude of the sun; methods of determin-
ing latitude and longitude; great circles, small circles.
The moon; lunar and solar eclipses; tides. The solar
system; planets and “fixed stars”; law of gravity.
Maps, how constructed; the conical, equidistant, and
Mercator’s projections; scale of map, contour lines;
great-circle sailing; rhumb-line sailing. The atmo-
sphere; isothermals; rainfall; dew point; winds, land
and sea breezes, steady winds, cyclones, seasonal winds;
Ballot’s law; isobars. Climate, circumstances affecting
climate. The earth’s crust, its folding, faulting, move-
ments slow and sudden. Work of rain, ice, rivers, and
the sea. Distribution of plants and animals.

N.B.—The candidate will be expected to show that,
as far as possible, he has acquired his knowledge of the
subject by actual experiment, observation, and measure-
ment, but will not be expected to show any further know-
ledge of pure mathematics than what is demanded in
subject (41), Division II, Pure Mathematics.

A candidate in Physiography will be required to for-
ward to the Department, before the examination, a
certificate on the prescribed form that he has gone through
a sufficient course of practical work in the subject occupy-
ing at least eighty hours.

(22.) Geology.—Form and size of the earth, general chemical
constitution of the crust; elements of crystallography and
the classification of minerals, the principal rock-forming
minerals and metallic ores, macroscopic characters and
minute structure of rocks; classification of rocks accord-
ing to their nature, composition, and mode of origin;
volcanoes and volcanic action; earthquakes, secular move-
ments of the crust; metamorphism; the geological
effects of air, water, and living organisms; stratification,
joints, inclination, and curvature of rocks; cleavage;
faults; unconformity; mode of occurrence of igneous and