Dec. 8.] THE NEW ZEALAND GAZETTE. 3195

of these by-laws either personally or by an employee who must also be a licensed drain-layer or licensed plumber, as the case may be.

(2.) In the latter case the master drain-layer or plumber shall be under the liabilities to the Department imposed by this or any other Part of these by-laws on licensed drain-layers or licensed plumbers.

15. Register of Licenses.—(1.) The Resident Officer shall keep a register of all licenses of drain-layers and plumbers issued under this Part of these by-laws, and of all convictions of the several licensees for breaches of such Part of these by-laws.

(2.) In case any licensed drain-layer or licensed plumber shall be convicted of any breach or non-observance of any provision of this Part of these by-laws, or of any other of these by-laws affecting his duties, the Resident Officer may by writing under his hand communicated to such drain-layer or plumber cancel or suspend for such time as he shall think fit the license of such person.

16. Licensees to produce Licenses.—All licensed plumbers or drain-layers employed on any works shall carry their licenses with them, and shall produce the same when required to do so by the person for whom the work is being performed, or by any officer of the Department. On failure so to produce a license, the plumber or drain-layer shall be deemed to be unlicensed, and may be prosecuted accordingly.

17. Lost Licenses.—In the event of any license being lost, destroyed, defaced, or rendered illegible, the licensee may, on giving evidence thereof satisfactory to the Resident Officer, obtain a fresh license from the Resident Officer on payment of a fee of 2s. 6d.

18. Licenses not Transferable.—Licenses of drain-layers or plumbers are not transferable. No person shall make use of any such license which does not belong to him, or allow his license to be used by any one else; and, in addition to the liability to a penalty in either case for so doing, the license thus improperly used may be cancelled by the Resident Officer by writing under his hand communicated to the person named in such license.

19. Permits. —(1.) No licensed drain-layer or licensed plumber shall commence any work required or authorised by this Part of these by-laws to be done by a licensed drain-layer or plumber until he shall have applied to the Resident Officer for and have obtained from him a permit under his hand to do the work.

(2.) The Resident Officer shall, if satisfied that the proposed work is in accordance with these by-laws, issue such permit.

20. Deposits.—(1.) Every person to whom the permit is issued will be held responsible for the work specified in the permit, and shall deposit with the Resident Officer the sum of £2, to be held as a security for any damage that may be caused by him or his work to the Department’s sewers or streets or other property.

(2.) On the completion of the work, such sum, or so much thereof as shall have not been applied as aforesaid, shall be returnable.

(3.) Licensees responsible for Damage.—The licensed drain-layer or plumber to whom the permit is issued shall be responsible to the Department for all damage that may be done or caused by him or his work to any sewer, road, or pathway, or any property of the Department, including any breakage, letting in of sand, earth, or subsoil water, loosening of joints or disturbing foundations, and in particular he shall pay to the Department the cost of repairing such damage.

Details of Drains.

21. Specifications and Conditions.—No person shall construct, add to, or alter, repair, or renew any drain unless all works in connection therewith be done in accordance with the following specifications and conditions:—

(a.) Materials to be used:—

(1.) All drainpipes are to be of adequate size, but must be at least 4 in. in diameter (internal measurement) unless otherwise permitted by the Resident Officer.

(2.) All glazed-earthenware pipes shall be of double-glazed earthenware, truly cylindrical, and of uniform bore and thickness. They shall be thoroughly sound, well burned and glazed, perfectly straight, and free from blisters, cracks, and other imperfections.

(3.) All cast-iron pipes must be of the best quality of grey, tough iron, straight and true, and be sound, free from holes or cracks; all cast-iron pipes and fittings must be coated inside and outside with coal-tar, pitch, and boiled linseed-oil, or other protective lining approved of by the Resident Officer. Cast-iron pipes shall not in any case be less than 5/16 in. in thickness.

(4.) Concrete shall be composed of not less than one part of cement to four parts of pumice and one part of sand. The materials must be clean and free from impurities, and shall be thoroughly mixed while dry, and then turned over three times while being wetted from the rose of a watering-can or hose. The proper quantity of water must be used in mixing.

(5.) Cement mortar shall consist of one part of Portland cement and two parts of sand. It shall be thoroughly mixed with as much clean water as necessary to form a thick paste, and none but freshly made mortar shall be used.

(b.) Course of Drains.—All drains shall, as far as is practicable, be laid in straight lines, but where it may be necessary to deviate from this rule the change of direction shall be made by means of a man-hole or by a curve, and such curve shall be uniform, and shall be nowhere of less radius than 6 ft.

(c.) Gradients.—All drains must be laid with a proper fall. The flattest gradients at which pipes having internal diameters of 4 in. and 6 in. respectively may be laid are—

For 4 in. pipes .. .. 1 in 50
For 6 in. pipes .. .. 1 in 60

but in any case in which the minimum grade cannot be obtained a flush-tank shall be provided, or such other means adopted as the Resident Officer shall approve.

(d.) Trenches shall be cut true to line, and shall be evenly graded before the pipes are laid.

(e.) Pipes.—The pipes shall be laid straight and true to line and grade. The spigot shall in every case be fitted concentrically with and close home in the socket, and the space between the spigot and socket shall be well filled with cement mortar. After each pipe is joined the interior shall be thoroughly well cleaned out before another length is laid, by means of an approved pipe-badger.

(f.) Support for Cast-iron Pipes.—Cast-iron pipes shall be supported so as to be free from risk of settlement, and their joints must be so filled with gasket and lead caulking as to render them gastight.

(g.) Earthenware Pipes to be imbedded in certain Cases.—Tree-roots.—When a tree exists within 15 ft. of the line of pipes, or when the trench is cut in wet or soft ground, earthenware pipes shall be so imbedded in concrete as to insure there being a thickness of concrete all round the pipes in no part less than half the diameter of such pipe. Cast-iron pipes may be substituted for earthenware pipes, and in such case a firm foundation must be provided on which the pipes must rest evenly.

22. Drains under Buildings.—No person shall construct a drain so as to pass under any building or portion thereof, except where any other mode of construction may be impracticable, in which case the following provisions shall be observed by the person on whose behalf the drain is being laid, namely—

(a.) Such drain shall be laid in a direct line for the whole distance beneath such building.

(b.) Such drain shall be so imbedded in concrete as to insure there being in all cases a thickness of concrete all round the pipes in no case less than half the diameter of such pipes.

(c.) The opening in a wall through which a pipe passes shall be of ample size, leaving a space of not less than 2 in. clear all round.

(d.) Adequate means of ventilation shall be provided in connection with the drain at each end of the building.

(e.) Cast-iron pipes of not less than 5/16 in. in thickness may be substituted for earthenware pipes. The pipes shall be jointed so as to be watertight and airtight, and shall be supported so as to be free from risk of settlement. Where cast-iron pipes are used, a concrete bedding and covering shall not be required.

23. Earth Covering.—(1.) Every drain shall have at least 12 in. covering of earth, or, where this is not attainable, provision must be made for protecting the pipe by a covering of concrete or by other suitable method, to the satisfaction of the Resident Officer.

(2.) In yards, rights-of-way, or any place liable to heavy traffic, the covering must be not less than 2 ft. from the ground’s surface to the centre of the pipe, unless cast-iron pipes are used.

24. Inlets to Drains in or under Buildings.—(1.) No inlet to a drain shall be made within or underneath a building,