3038

THE NEW ZEALAND GAZETTE.

[No. 98

(23.) Elementary Zoology.—A general knowledge of the external features (e.g., hair, feathers, teeth, beaks, hoofs, claws) and mode of life (e.g., habitat, locomotion, feeding, self-protection, adaptation to surroundings) of well-known mammals (e.g., horse, sheep, cat, pig, rabbit, dog), birds (e.g., gull, sparrow, hawk), and fishes (e.g., blue cod, dog-fish, flounder). Comparisons should be made wherever possible.

A knowledge of the arrangement (as shown by very simple dissections only) and of the functions of the internal organs and systems of organs of a rabbit.

A knowledge of the distinctive characters (external only) and mode of life (as above) of an earthworm, a crayfish, a spider, a beetle, a garden snail, and a frog. Comparisons should be made wherever possible. The various stages subsequent to hatching in the life-history of a moth or butterfly, and of a frog.

New Zealand examples should, wherever possible, be selected for actual observation and study.

(24.) Elementary Botany.—Candidates will be required to show a knowledge of the following: The organs of flowering plants, their functions, the method of their arrangement, their principal modifications; the general structure, arrangement, and distribution of plant tissues in so far as they can be made out with the aid of a good pocket-lens.

Pollination and the formation of seeds; special adaptations in flowers; fruits, their various kinds and modes of formation; arrangements for preservation and for dispersal of seeds. Germination. The establishment and growth of plants. Elementary knowledge of the chemical constituents of plants and of the sources from which the plant obtains them. Reserve material; the methods adopted for its storage. The phenomena of nutrition, of respiration, and of transpiration.

The distinctive characters of the monocotyledons and the dicotyledons. A knowledge of the characters (including the general properties) of the following natural orders: Liliaceæ, Ranunculaceæ, Cruciferæ, Umbelliferæ, Leguminosæ, Myrtaceæ, Rosaceæ, Compositæ, Graminaceæ; with a special knowledge of at least one indigenous and one exotic typical member of each of the above-named orders. Ability to describe, dissect, and refer to their natural orders (as above) fresh specimens of plants. A knowledge of the megascopic structure of a conifer, a fern, a liverwort, a moss, and a brown seaweed.

(25.) Elementary Physical Measurements.—The candidate will be expected to show that he has acquired his knowledge of the matters set forth in the subjoined syllabus by actual experiment, observation, and measurement; but he will not be expected to show that he is familiar with other than the simple apparatus and appliances commonly used in connection with elementary instruction in practical physics in primary or secondary schools.

The British and metric systems of measurement. Measurement of straight and curved lines; measurement of the area of plane figures; measurement of the surface of a cylinder and a cone; measurement of the volume of a cube, a prism, and a cylinder. Measurement of the volume of a pyramid, a cone, a sphere, and of irregular solids by displacement. The relation between the volume of a pyramid and that of a prism having the same base and the same vertical height, between the volume of a cone and that of a cylinder of the same base and the same vertical height, and between the volume of a sphere and that of the circumscribing cylinder. Indirect measurements (by displacement), such as the measurement of the diameter of a wire and of the thickness of a thin sheet of metal.

The balance. How to test the accuracy of a balance. Points to be observed in weighing. Methods of weighing.