Nov. 29.] THE NEW ZEALAND GAZETTE. 3037

(21.) Elementary Chemistry.—Candidates will be expected to show that they have an experimental as well as a theoretical knowledge of the matters set forth in the subjoined syllabus. The three states of matter; indestructibility of matter. Physical changes compared with chemical changes. Difference between mechanical mixtures and chemical compounds. Phenomena of chemical action; conditions that promote or check or otherwise modify chemical action. The metric system; units of volume and weight and their relation; the liter. Air, its properties; the various chemical processes involving air, and the light thrown on its composition thereby. Water, its properties; solution and crystallization; purification of water; decomposition of water; elements and compounds. Production and properties of oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen. Slow and rapid oxidation; reduction. Estimation of the weight of an element in a given weight of one of its compounds, and of the weight of one element required to displace another from a given weight of a given compound. Modes of chemical action; direct union, displacement, mutual exchange, decomposition; combining weights; combination of elements in definite proportions by weight; combination of gases by volume. The atomic theory used to explain chemical combination; the meaning and use of symbols; formulæ and equations; simple calculations. Definitions and general properties of oxides, acids, alkalies, and bases; production and properties of chlorine and hydrochloric acid, of ammonia and nitric acid. The various forms of carbon, sulphur, and phosphorus; the production and properties of their oxides, of sulphuretted hydrogen, and of sulphuric acid (manufacture not required). The classes of salts; the properties of sodium-chloride, calcium-chloride, potassium-nitrate, sodium-nitrate, silver-nitrate, Epsom and Glauber’s salts; blue, white, and green vitriol; soda crystals, bicarbonate of soda, chalk, white-lead. General properties of metals and non-metals. The preparation and properties of lime, caustic soda, zinc-oxide, black-copper oxide, litharge, mercuric oxide.

(22.) Elementary Geology.—The composition, form, size, and heat of the earth. Divisions of rocks: Igneous, sedimentary, metamorphic. Rock-structure: Laminations, stratification, false bedding, cleavage, foliation, joints, columnar jointing. General characters and composition of the following groups of minerals, with special reference to their New Zealand localities: Quartz, opal, and chalcedony; feldspars; micas; hornblendes and augites; carbonates of lime and magnesia; oxides and sulphides of iron. The general characters of the following types of rocks, and a knowledge of their occurrence in New Zealand: Granite; diorite; gabbro; rhyolite; andesite; basalt; volcanic glasses, pumice, and volcanic dust; conglomerates, sands, and sandstones; clays, shales, and slates; limestones and coals; rock-salt and gypsum; gneiss and schists. Texture of igneous and of sedimentary rocks. Agents producing changes in the earth’s surface: Volcanoes; earthquakes. Disturbed strata: Dip, strike, outcrop, contorted and overthrown strata, anticlinal and synclinal axes, faults, slickensides, dykes. Denuding agents and their work: Rain, running water above and below ground, the sea, frost and frozen water, wind, animal and vegetable agencies. Deposition of sediment. Landscape: Plains, valleys, formation of escarpments, lateral and transverse streams, lakes, destruction of valleys, mountains, effects of joints and faults, dry valleys. Economic geology: Water, artesian wells, mineral and hot springs; coal and oil; building-stone, roofing-slate, sands, lime and cement, clay; road-metal, flagstone; ornamental stone; grindstones; fuller’s earth, salt, phosphate, soils, metals, lodes, and veins. Recognition of New Zealand rocks and minerals named above, from specimens or descriptions.