JUNE 7.] THE NEW ZEALAND GAZETTE. 1483

Because, the screens being properly fitted, I cannot see the green light at all with the vessel’s head in any other direction.

90. If a steam-vessel (A) sees the three or four lights of another steam-vessel (B) ahead or nearly ahead, are the two steam-vessels meeting, passing, or crossing? Meeting end-on, or nearly end-on.

91. Do the regulations expressly require the course of a vessel to be altered to starboard in any case; and, if so, when? Yes; in the case of two steam-vessels meeting end-on, of nearly end-on.

92. Do they expressly require the course of a vessel to be altered to starboard in any other case; and, if so, in what other? No. It is not in any other case expressly required by the regulations?

[The Examiner should see that the candidate places the models in the positions indicated by question 93, and following.]

93. If a steam-vessel (A) sees another steam-vessel’s red light (B) on her own starboard side, are the steam-vessels meeting, passing, or crossing, and how do you know? Crossing, because the red light of one is opposed to the green light of the other; and whenever a green light is opposed to a red light, or a red light to a green light, the vessels carrying the lights are crossing vessels.

94. Is A to stand on; and, if not, why not? A has the other vessel, B, on her own starboard side. A knows she is crossing the course of B because she sees the red light of B on her (A’s) own starboard side. A also knows she must get out of the way of B, because Article 19 expressly requires that the steam-vessel that has the other on her own starboard side shall keep out of the way of the other.

95. Is A to starboard or to port in such a case? A must do what is right so as to get herself out of the way of B, and must, if the circumstances of the case permit, avoid crossing ahead of B.

96. If A gets into collision by porting, will it be because she is acting on any rule? No; the rule does not require her either to port or to starboard. If she ports and gets into collision by porting, it is not the fault of any rule.

97. If a steam-vessel (A) sees the green light of another steam-vessel (B) on her own (A’s own) port bow are the two steam-vessels meeting, passing, or crossing, and how do you know? Crossing, because the green light of one vessel is shown to the red light of the other.

98. What is A to do, and why? By the rule contained in Article 21 of the regulations A is required to keep her course and speed, subject to the qualification that due regard must be had to all dangers of navigation and collision; and that due regard must also be had to any special circumstances which may exist in any particular case rendering a departure from that rule necessary in order to avoid immediate danger. The crossing vessel B on A’s port side must get out of the way of A, because A is on B’s starboard side.

99. A, a steam-vessel, sees the green light of another steam-vessel, B, a point on her (A’s) port bow: is there any regulation requiring A to port in such case, and, if so, where is it to be found? There is not any.

100. Are steam-vessels to get out of the way of sailing-vessels? If a steam-vessel and a sailing-vessel are proceeding in such direction as to involve risk of collision, the steam-vessel is to get out of the way of the sailing-vessel unless the sailing-vessel is overtaking the steam-vessel.

101. What is to be done by A, whether a steam-vessel or a sailing-vessel, if overtaking B? A is to keep out of the way of B.

102. When is a vessel considered to be an overtaking vessel? Every vessel coming up on another vessel from more than two points abaft her beam—i.e., in such a position with reference to the vessel which she is overtaking that at night she would be unable to see either of that vessel’s side-lights—is an overtaking vessel; and no subsequent alteration of the bearing between the two vessels can make the overtaking vessel a crossing vessel within the meaning of the rules, or relieve her of the duty of keeping clear of the overtaken vessel until she is finally past and clear.

103. In the daytime how do you know when you are an overtaking vessel? It is often hard to judge with any degree of certainty, but if in doubt assume you are an overtaking vessel, and keep out of the way.

104. Have sailing-vessels under way to keep out of the way of sailing-vessels and boats fishing? Yes; they have to keep out of the way of sailing-vessels or boats fishing with nets, or lines, or trawls; but this rule does not give to any vessel or boat engaged in fishing the right of obstructing the fairway used by vessels other than fishing-vessels or boats.

105. When by the rules one of the two ships is required to keep out of the way of the other, what is the other to do? To keep her course and speed.

106. Is there any qualification or exception to this? Yes. Due regard must be had to all dangers of navigation and collision, and to any special circumstances which may exist in any particular case and require a departure from the regulations to avoid immediate danger.

107. Is there any general direction in the steering and sailing-rules; and, if so, what is it? Yes; it is this: that nothing in the rules shall exonerate any vessel, or the owner, master, or crew thereof, from the consequences of any neglect to carry lights or signals, or of any neglect to keep a proper look-out, or of the neglect of any precaution which may be required by the ordinary practice of seamen, or by the special circumstances of the case.

108. Can you repeat article (——) of the regulations? I refer to the article containing the rule for (——).

[The Examiner will repeat this question, naming a different article each time.]

109. What does the Act of Parliament provide as the obligation of owners and masters in obeying the regulations respecting lights, fog-signals, and steering and sailing? Section 419 of “The Merchant Shipping Act, 1894,” provides that owners and masters shall be bound to obey the regulations, and it also provides that in cases of wilful default by the master or owner he shall be deemed to be guilty of a misdemeanour for each infringement.

110. What do breaches of the regulations imply? If an accident happens through non-observance of the regulations, it implies wilful default on the part of the person in charge of the deck at the time, unless it is shown to the satisfaction of the Court hearing the case that the special circumstances of the case rendered a departure from the rules necessary.