MAR. 1.] THE NEW ZEALAND GAZETTE. 665

points of the structure and life-history of Amoeba, of a sea-
anemone, a hydroid, a sea-urchin, a worm, a spider, a beetle,
a whelk, a fish, a lizard, a frog, a bird, a rabbit. The differ-
ences between animals and plants. Elementary physiology
so far as it relates to the types noted above. A knowledge of
the characters of the Insecta and of the Mollusca, with some
reference to New Zealand examples. A knowledge of the
simplest steps to be taken in the dissection of a rabbit and of
a frog.
(11.) Elementary Physiology.--The chief differences be-
tween animals and plants, especially as regards nutrition.
Bone and cartilage; the principal bones and the general
arrangement of the skeleton; structure of the principal
joints. Muscles; their mode of attachment and their
functions. The more important surface markings of the
body, with special reference to the underlying bones, joints,
and muscles. The alimentary tract and the function of
alimentation. The lymphatic system. The heart and the
circulatory system in general, including the physical com-
position and functions of the blood. The position and
direction of the principal blood-vessels considered with re-
ference to the surface of the body; the points at which the
main vessels can be compressed. Respiration and the respir-
atory organs; the vocal organs and their functions. Glands
and the function of secretion, especially as concerned in
alimentation. The skin and the kidneys and their functions.
Nerve and its functions; the chief features of the central
nervous system; distinction between afferent and efferent
nerves; reflex action. The organs of sense, especially the
ear and the eye.
Candidates may be required at the examination to recog-
nise and to describe specimens or preparations of parts of
the animal body, or to prepare an animal, such as a rabbit,
so as to display the general arrangement of the circulatory,
the respiratory, the digestive, or the nervous system. Prac-
tical work requiring the use of the compound microscope will
not be demanded.
(12.) Elementary Physical Measurements.--The candidate
will be expected to show that he has acquired his knowledge
of the matters set forth in the subjoined syllabus by actual
experiment, observation, and measurement; but he will not
be expected to show that he is familiar with other than the
simple apparatus and appliances commonly used in connec-
tion with elementary instruction in practical physics in
primary or secondary schools.
The British and metric systems of measurement. Mea-
surement of straight and curved lines; measurement of the
area of plane figures; measurement of the surface of a
cylinder and a cone; measurement of the volume of a
cube, a prism, and a cylinder. Measurement of the volume
of a pyramid, a cone, a sphere, and of irregular solids by
displacement. The relation between the volume of a
pyramid and that of a prism having the same base and
the same vertical height, between the volume of a cone and
that of a cylinder of the same base and the same vertical
height, and between the volume of a sphere and that of the
circumscribing cylinder. Indirect measurements (by dis-
placement), such as the measurement of the diameter of a
wire and of the thickness of a thin sheet of metal.
The balance. How to test the accuracy of a balance.
Points to be observed in weighing. Methods of weighing.
Use of the measuring-glass and the pipette. Flotation.
The hydrometer. Verification of the principle of Archi-
medes. How to find the relative density of solids and of
liquids.
Use of the U tube. Method of comparing the densities
of two liquids that do not mix and of finding the density of
a liquid that mixes with water. How to make a barometer.
Use of the barometer. Verification of Boyle's law.
Centre of gravity. Methods of finding its position in very
simple cases. Stable, unstable, and neutral equilibrium.
Like parallel forces. Experimental determination of the
resultant of like parallel forces. Experiments illustrating
the principle of moments. Experimental determination of
the resultant of two forces acting at a point in different
directions. Simple experiments to determine friction be-
tween two plane surfaces in contact. The coefficient of
friction. The three systems of levers. Single pulleys. The
inclined plane. Mechanical advantage. Such simple ex-
periments illustrating elasticity as may be made with steel
wire or indiarubber cord. Comparison of the amounts of
flexure produced by a given weight in rods of different size
and material. Experimental verification of the law of the
simple pendulum.
The expansion by heat of solids, liquids, and gases. The
expansion of different solids and liquids compared. The
thermometer. Points to be attended to in using and read-
ing the thermometer. Change of density due to change of
temperature. The special case of water. Conduction, con-
vection, and radiation. The conductivities of different sub-
stances compared. How to determine the melting-point of
a solid and the boiling-point of a liquid. Effect of pressure
on the boiling-point. Observation of the temperature of a
substance during change of state. Effect of mixing two
quantities of the same liquid at different temperatures. The
use of the calorimeter (simple form). The determination
of the specific heat of a solid and of a liquid. The latent
heat of water and of steam.
(13.) Elementary Practical Agriculture.--The candidate
will be expected to show that he has a practical knowledge
of the operations incident to the work of a school garden,
and that he has conducted experiments and observations
bearing on the life and growth of plants, on the lines indi-
cated below under the head of Experimental and Observa-
tional Work:-
Work in the Garden.-General: Preparation of the land;
digging, trenching, hoeing, raking, and surface cultivation.
Drawing drills. Sowing. Thinning, pricking off, harden-
ing, and planting out seedlings. Methods of treating light
and heavy soils. Fertilisers; the time of year and the con-
dition in which to apply fertilisers. The selection of fer-
tilisers for particular purposes. Use of lime, soot, clay,
road-sweepings, ashes, leaf-mould, &c., as soil-improvers.
Arrangement of the garden to the best advantage from the
points of view of space, succession of crops, and weeding.
The application of preventives and remedies for garden pests
and diseases.
Special: Methods of plant-cultivation. Cultivation and
management of plants selected from one or more of the
following groups:-
(i.) Green, pod-bearing, and tap-rooted vegetables,
potatoes, onions, vegetable marrows, tomatoes.
Gathering and storing of vegetables.
(ii.) Flowering plants (annuals, perennials, and bulbs).
Methods of propagating flowering plants. Suc-
cession of crops.
(iii.) Tree and bush fruits. The care of fruit-trees. The
operations of pruning, budding, and grafting.
(iv.) Cereals and other grasses, and fodder-plants gen-
erally.
Experimental and Observational Work.--The Seed:-
Parts of the seed. Conditions necessary for germination and
growth. Testing the vitality of seeds. The collection and
preservation of seed. Experiments illustrating the pheno-
mena of germination and the establishment of the young
plant (e.g., Absorption of moisture by seeds. Temperature
of and pressure exerted by germinating seeds. How seeds
escape from their covers. How seeds get buried in the
soil. How young plants get above ground, and how they
deal with obstacles met with during the process. How seeds
on the surface get their roots into the ground. Proof that
germinating seeds take in oxygen and give out carbonic
acid, &c.).
The Root:-The function of the root. Root systems.
The use of root-hairs and root-caps. Effect of injury to
these parts. How roots grow. Experiments illustrating the
work of roots (e.g., Relation between root-hairs and soil-
particles. Exploration of soil by roots in search of moisture.
The quantity of water required by roots. Use made by
roots of mineral matters dissolved out of soil by water. The
use of culture-solutions. Proof that roots require air and
give out carbonic acid, &c.).
The Leaf:-The general structure, forms, and functions of
leaves. Seed leaves and foliage leaves compared. Trans-
piration. Respiration. Formation of starch. Experiments
illustrating the work of leaves (e.g., Demonstration of the
occurrence of water, air, and starch in leaves. Behaviour of
green leaves in sunlight and in the dark. How the rate of
transpiration is controlled. The functions of the upper and
lower surfaces of leaves compared, &c.).
The Stem and Buds:-General structure and functions of
stems. The "habit" of a plant. The habits of different
plants compared. Twining and climbing plants. Peculiar
forms of stems (e.g., potato, crocus, &c.). General structure
of buds. Winter buds. Bud-scales. How the growing point
is protected. Influence of temperature, moisture, and light
on growth. Experiments on the work of stems (e.g., Effect
on a plant of "ringing" the stem. How the sap circulates.
Demonstration of the presence of starch and sugar in
stems, &c.).
The Flower and Fruit:-The parts of the flower and their
functions. Causes influencing the opening and closing of
flowers. Pollination. Devices for the protection of pollen,
for the prevention of self-pollination, and the promotion of
cross-pollination. The formation of fruits. Different types
of fruits. Devices for the protection of seeds from foes.
Dissemination of seeds. Experiments on cross-fertilisa-
tion.
The Soil:-How soil is made. The mechanical analysis
of soil. The texture of soil. The soil as a sponge from
which a plant may obtain water, as a storehouse of plant
food, and as a laboratory in which plant-food is prepared and
dissolved. Experiments with soils (e.g., How moisture is
held in the soil. How the moisture-holding capacity of a
soil may be increased. Conservation of moisture. Rate of
evaporation at surface of different soils. How the texture