664
THE NEW ZEALAND GAZETTE.
No. 17

of a body in air and in a vacuum; Torricelli’s experiment; the barometer; verification of Boyle’s law; the siphon; the air-pump; the suction-pump; the force-pump.

(5.) Heat and Light.—Candidates will be expected to show an experimental as well as a theoretical knowledge of the fundamental laws of heat and light, but will not be expected to show any further knowledge of pure mathematics than what is demanded in subject (14) Elementary Mathematics.

Heat:—Sources and nature of heat. The terms “hot” and “cold”; distinction between temperature and heat; effects of heat. Thermometers and the use of them; methods of ascertaining the fixed points. Linear expansion of solids; effects and applications of unequal expansion; real and apparent expansion of liquids, especially of water; expansion of gases. Transmission of heat; conduction in solids and liquids; convection in liquids and gases; hot-water heating systems; ocean currents; ventilation. The unit of heat; capacity for heat; specific heat; simple methods of finding specific heat of solids and liquids; consequences of the high specific heat of water; methods of finding the melting and boiling points of substances; meaning of “latent heat” of water and of steam.

Light:—Propagation and velocity of light; pencils and rays; pinhole images; illuminating-power; intensity of light; effect of varying the distance of a luminous point; shadows and penumbrae; eclipses; photometry. Experiments demonstrating the laws of the reflection of light; plane mirrors; the sextant. Concave spherical mirrors; distinction between real and virtual images; to determine the principal focus by experiment and from the radius of the mirror; experimental illustration of conjugate foci. Experiments illustrative of the laws of single refraction; effects of refraction; transmission of light through a plate, a prism, and a lens. Convex lenses; to determine the principal focus by experiment; experimental illustration of conjugate foci. Simple optical instruments; the camera obscura; the eye. The composition of light; the spectrum; colour.

(6.) Magnetism and Electricity.—Candidates will be expected to show an experimental as well as a theoretical knowledge of the fundamental laws of magnetism and electricity, but will not be expected to show any further knowledge of pure mathematics than what is demanded in subject (14) Elementary Mathematics. — Magnetism:—Natural and artificial magnets; parts and properties of bar and horseshoe magnets; tests of permanent magnetization; attraction and repulsion; mutual action of poles of two magnets of equal strength; astatic system; the various ways of using permanent magnets for magnetizing steel bars; graphic representation of the distribution of free magnetism along a bar magnet, and of its lines of force; magnetic influence; the action of a magnet on soft iron and on steel at varying distances; keepers and their use; magnetization of a steel ring; the directive action of the earth on a magnetic needle free to swing in a horizontal or in a vertical plane. The magnetic meridian at a place, and the determination of it; influence of the earth’s magnetism on soft iron.

Statical Electricity.—The two kinds of electrification, their simultaneous and equal development and their mutual reactions; conductors and non-conductors; electrification by contact; influence of a charged body on earth-connected and on insulated bodies; “free” and “bound” electricity. Gold-leaf electroscope; the electrification of it by contact and by influence; the interpretation of its indications; use of it in examining the seat and distribution of charges on solid and on hollow conductors of various shapes. The electrophorous and friction electrical machines; action of sharp points.

Current Electricity.—Fundamental experiments: Action of dilute sulphuric acid on strips of (a) commercial zinc, (b) pure or amalgamated zinc, (c) copper, (d) pure or amalgamated zinc and copper, before and after external contact between the strips. The simple voltaic cell, its parts and action; the external and internal circuit. Elementary notions of electro-motive force; resistance and strength of current and the relation between them; the volt, ohm, and ampere. Best shape and arrangement of the parts of a cell; causes of the weakening of the current, and the remedies adopted. Description of the common forms of voltaic cells; conditions which a good cell should fulfil. Effect of current in (a) a straight wire, (b) a looped wire, on a magnetic needle, and thence the determination of the direction of the current in any wire; the galvanoscope and its use in detecting changes in the strength of a current, and in comparing (roughly) the strengths of different currents or the resistances of wires and liquids; magnetic properties of a coiled conductor; the effect of introducing a soft-iron core; electro-magnets; resistance of conductors; heating effect of current; incandescent lamps; chemical effect of current; elementary notions of electrolysis.

(7.) Elementary Chemistry.—Experiments illustrative of the three states of matter; indestructibility of matter.

Physical changes compared with chemical changes. Difference between mechanical mixtures and chemical compounds. Phenomena of chemical action; conditions that promote or check or otherwise modify chemical action. The metric system; units of volume and weight and their relation; the liter. Air, its properties; the various chemical processes involving air, and the light thrown on its composition thereby. Water, its properties; solution and crystallization; purification of water; decomposition of water; elements and compounds. Production and properties of oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen. Slow and rapid oxidation; reduction. Estimation of the weight of an element in a given weight of one of its compounds, and of the weight of one element required to displace another from a given weight of a given compound. Modes of chemical action; direct union, displacement, mutual exchange, decomposition; combining weights; combination of elements in definite proportions by weight; combination of gases by volume. The atomic theory used to explain chemical combination; the meaning and use of symbols; formulæ and equations; simple calculations. Definitions and general properties of oxides, acids, alkalies, and bases; production and properties of chlorine and hydrochloric acid, of ammonia and nitric acid. The various forms of carbon, sulphur, and phosphorus; the production and properties of their oxides, of sulphuretted hydrogen, and of sulphuric acid (manufacture not required). The classes of salts; the properties of sodium chloride, calcium chloride, potassium nitrate, sodium nitrate, silver nitrate, Epsom and Glauber’s salts; blue, white, and green vitriol; soda crystals, bicarbonate of soda, chalk, white lead. General properties of metals and non-metals. The preparation and properties of lime, caustic soda, zinc oxide, black copper oxide, litharge, mercuric oxide.

(8.) Elementary Geology.—The composition, form, size, and heat of the earth. Divisions of rocks: igneous, sedimentary, metamorphic. Rock structure: lamination, stratification, false bedding, cleavage, foliation, joints, columnar jointing. General characters and composition of the following groups of minerals, with special reference to their New Zealand localities: quartz, opal, and chalcedony; feldspars; micas; hornblendes and augites; carbonates of lime and magnesia; oxides and sulphides of iron. The general characters of the following types of rocks and a knowledge of their occurrence in New Zealand: granite; diorite; gabbro; rhyolite; andesite; basalt; volcanic glasses, pumice, and volcanic dust; conglomerates, sands, and sandstones; clays, shales, and slates; limestones and coals; rock-salt and gypsum; gneiss and schists. Texture of igneous and of sedimentary rocks. Agents producing changes in the earth’s surface: volcanoes; earthquakes. Disturbed strata: dip, strike, outcrop, contorted and overthrown strata, anticlinal and synclinal axes, faults, slickensides, dykes. Denuding agents and their work: rain, running water above and below ground, the sea, frost and frozen water, wind, animal and vegetable agencies. Deposition of sediment. Landscape: plains, valleys, formation of escarpments, lateral and transverse streams, lakes, destruction of valleys, mountains, effects of joints and faults, dry valleys. Economic geology: water, artesian wells, mineral and hot springs; coal and oil; building-stone, roofing-slate, sands, lime and cement, clay; road-metal, flagstone; ornamental stone; grindstones; fuller’s earth, salt, phosphate, soils, metals, lodes and veins. Recognition of New Zealand rocks and minerals named above from specimens or descriptions.

(9.) Elementary Botany.—Candidates will be required to show a knowledge of the following: The organs of flowering plants, their functions, the method of their arrangement, their principal modifications; the general structure, arrangement, and distribution of plant-tissues in so far as they can be made out with the aid of a good pocket-lens.

Pollination and the formation of seeds; special adaptations in flowers; fruits, their various kinds and modes of formation; arrangements for preservation and for dispersal of seeds. Germination. The establishment and growth of plants. Elementary knowledge of the chemical constituents of plants and of the sources from which the plant obtains them. Reserve material; the methods adopted for its storage. The phenomena of nutrition, of respiration, and of transpiration. The distinctive characters of the monocotyledons and the dicotyledons. A knowledge of the characters (including the general properties) of the following natural orders: Liliaceæ, Ranunculaceæ, Cruciferæ, Umbelliferæ, Leguminosæ, Myrtaceæ, Rosaceæ, Compositæ, Graminaceæ; with a special knowledge of at least one indigenous and one exotic typical member of each of the above-named orders. Ability to describe, dissect, and refer to their natural orders (as above) fresh specimens of plants. A knowledge of the megascopic structure of a conifer, a fern, a liverwort, a moss, and a brown seaweed.

(10.) Elementary Zoology.—Candidates will be expected to have a knowledge of the points indicated below: The typical animal cell and its more ordinary modifications. The main