Oct. 29.] THE NEW ZEALAND GAZETTE. 2285

plane mirror and in parallel and in inclined plane mirrors; the sextant. Concave spherical mirrors; to determine the principal focus of a concave spherical mirror from its radius and by experiment; formation of real and virtual images by mirrors; experimental illustration of the conjugate foci of a concave spherical mirror. Experiments illustrative of the laws of single refraction; refractive index; transmission of light through a plate, a prism, and a lens; convex lenses; to determine the principal focus of a convex lens by experiment; the formation of real and virtual images by convex lenses; experimental illustration of the conjugate foci of a convex lens. The composition of light; the solar spectrum; colour.

Heat:—Sources and nature of heat. The terms “hot” and “cold”; distinction between temperature and heat; effects of heat. Construction of mercurial thermometers, and the methods of ascertaining the fixed points. Linear expansion of solids; effects and applications of unequal expansion; real and apparent expansion of liquids; expansion of water; expansion of gases. Transmission of heat, conduction in solids and liquids; the safety-lamp. Convection in liquids and gases; hot-water heating systems; ocean currents; ventilation. Radiation; experiments illustrating emission, absorption, and reflection of radiation. The unit of heat; capacity for heat; specific heat; methods of finding specific heat of solids. The calorimeter and method of mixtures; consequences of high specific heat of water; methods of finding the melting and boiling points of substances; meaning of “latent heat” of water and of steam.

(20.) Magnetism and Electricity.—Candidates will not be expected to show any further knowledge of pure mathematics than what is demanded in subject (17) Elementary Mathematics.—Magnetism:—Natural and artificial magnets; parts and properties of bar and horse-shoe magnets; tests of permanent magnetization; attraction and repulsion; mutual action of poles of two magnets of equal strength; astatic system; the various ways of using permanent magnets for magnetizing steel bars; graphic representation of the distribution of free magnetism along a bar magnet, and of its lines of force; magnetic influence; the action of a magnet on soft iron and on steel at varying distances; keepers and their use; magnetization of a steel ring; the directive action of the earth on a magnetic needle free to swing in a horizontal or in a vertical plane. The magnetic meridian at a place, and the determination of it; influence of the Earth’s magnetism on soft iron.

Statical Electricity:—The two kinds of electrification, their simultaneous and equal development and their mutual reactions; conductors and non-conductors; electrification by contact; influence of a charged body on earth-connected and on insulated bodies; “free” and “bound” electricity. Gold-leaf electroscope; the electrification of it by contact and by influence; the interpretation of its indications; use of it in examining the seat and distribution of charges on solid and on hollow conductors of various shapes. The electrophorus and friction electrical machines; action of sharp points.

Current Electricity:—Fundamental experiments: Action of dilute sulphuric acid on strips of (a) commercial zinc, (b) pure or amalgamated zinc, (c) copper, (d) pure or amalgamated zinc and copper, before and after external contact between the strips. The simple voltaic cell, its parts and action; the external and internal circuit. Elementary notions of electro-motive force; resistance and strength of current and the relation between them; the volt, ohm, and ampère. Best shape and arrangement of the parts of a cell; causes of the weakening of the current, and the remedies adopted. Description of the common forms of voltaic cells; conditions which a good cell should fulfil. Effect of current in (a) a straight, (b) a looped, wire on a magnetic needle, and thence the determination of the direction of the current in any wire; the galvanoscope and its use in detecting changes in the strength of a current, and in comparing (roughly) the strengths of different currents or the resistances of wires and liquids; magnetic properties of a coiled conductor; the effect of introducing a soft-iron core; electromagnets; resistance of conductors; heating effect of current; incandescent lamps; chemical effect of current; elementary notions of electrolysis.

(21.) Elementary Chemistry.—Experiments illustrative of the three states of matter; indestructibility of matter. Physical changes compared with chemical changes. Difference between mechanical mixtures and chemical compounds. Phenomena of chemical action; conditions that promote or check or otherwise modify chemical action. The metric system; units of volume and weight and their relation; the litre. Air, its properties; the various chemical processes involving air, and the light thrown on its composition thereby. Water, its properties; solution and crystallization; purification of water; decomposition of water; elements and compounds. Production and properties of oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen. Slow and rapid oxidation; reduction. Estimation of the weight of an element in a given weight of one of its compounds, and of the weight of one element required to displace another from a given weight of a given compound. Modes of chemical action; direct union, displacement, mutual exchange, decomposition; combining weights; combination of elements in definite proportions by weight; combination of gases by volume. The atomic theory used to explain chemical combination; the meaning and use of symbols; formulae and equations; simple calculations. Definitions and general properties of oxides, acids, alkalies, and bases; production and properties of chlorine and hydrochloric acid, of ammonia and nitric acid. The various forms of carbon, sulphur, and phosphorus; the production and properties of their oxides, of sulphuretted hydrogen, and of sulphuric acid (manufacture not required). The classes of salts; the properties of sodium chloride, calcium chloride, potassium nitrate, sodium nitrate, silver nitrate, Epsom and Glauber’s salts; blue, white, and green vitriol; soda crystals, bicarbonate of soda, chalk, white lead. General properties of metals and non-metals. The preparation and properties of lime, caustic soda, zinc oxide, black copper oxide, litharge, mercuric oxide.

(22.) Elementary Geology.—The composition, form, size, and heat of the earth. Divisions of rocks: igneous, sedimentary, metamorphic. Rock structure: lamination, stratification, false bedding, cleavage, foliation, joints, columnar jointing. General characters and composition of the following groups of minerals, with special reference to their New Zealand localities: quartz, opal, and chalcedony; feldspars; micas; hornblendes and augites; carbonates of lime and magnesia; oxides and sulphides of iron. The general characters of the following types of rocks and a knowledge of their occurrence in New Zealand: granite; diorite; gabbro; rhyolite; andesite; basalt; volcanic glasses, pumice, and volcanic dust; conglomerates, sands, and sandstones; clays, shales, and slates; limestones and coals; rock-salt and gypsum; gneiss and schists. Texture of igneous and of sedimentary rocks. Agents producing changes in the earth’s surface: volcanoes; earthquakes. Disturbed strata: dip, strike, outcrop, contorted and overthrown strata, anticlinal and synclinal axes, faults, slickensides, dykes. Denuding agents and their work: rain, running water above and below ground, the sea, frost and frozen water, wind, animal and vegetable agencies. Deposition of sediment. Landscape: plains, valleys, formation of escarpments, lateral and transverse streams, lakes, destruction of valleys, mountains, effects of joints and faults, dry valleys. Economic geology: water, artesian wells, mineral and hot springs; coal and oil; building-stone, roofing-slate, sands, lime and cement, clay; road-metal, flagstone; ornamental stone; grindstones; fuller’s earth, salt, phosphate, soils, metals, lodes and veins. Recognition of New Zealand rocks and minerals named above, from specimens or descriptions.

(23.) Elementary Botany.—Candidates will be required to show a knowledge of the points indicated below: The vegetable cell, its structure and mode of growth, its principal modifications, its functions. The organs of flowering plants, and the constituent parts of these organs, their functions, the method of their arrangement, their principal modifications. The fertilisation of flowers and the formation of seeds; special adaptations in flowers; fruits, their various kinds and modes of formation; arrangements for preservation and for dispersal of seeds. The chief features of the phenomena of generation in the vascular cryptogams. Elementary knowledge of the chemical constituents of plants, and of the sources from which the plant obtains them; reserve material, the methods adopted for its storage. The phenomena of nutrition, of respiration, of transpiration; elementary vegetable physiology in general. A knowledge of the chief characters of the two great divisions of flowering plants, and of the leading characters of the cryptogams. A knowledge of the chief characters of the following natural orders, of their principal commercial products, of the broader features of their distribution, and of a few of their best-known representatives in New Zealand: Rosaceae, Compositae, Coniferae, Graminaceae. A knowledge of the more commonly used botanical terms. The process of dissecting plants, and of preparing hand-cut sections for elementary microscopical examination. Ability to describe a typical flowering plant, although not necessarily with the full use of botanical terminology.

(24.) Elementary Zoology.—Candidates will be expected to have a knowledge of the points indicated below: The typical animal cell and its more ordinary modifications. The main points of the structure and life-history of Amoeba, of a sea-anemone, a hydroid, a sea-urchin, a worm, a spider, a beetle, a whelk, a fish, a lizard, a frog, a bird, a rabbit. The differences between animals and plants. Elementary physiology so far as it relates to the types noted above. A knowledge of the characters of the Insecta and of the Mollusca, with some reference to New Zealand examples. A knowledge of