1574
THE NEW ZEALAND GAZETTE.
[No. 72

(14.) Elementary physiology;
(15.) Shorthand;
(16.) Drawing;
(17.) Book-keeping.

Scope of Examination.

English, Arithmetic, Geography, and History.—The papers set will be based on the programme of the public school standards, and will generally be the papers set for Class E at the examination of teachers. In geography the elements of mathematical and physical geography will be required, and the general topography and political geography of the world (without minute detail), with map-drawing (from memory) of European countries and British dependencies; in history, a fair knowledge of the period from 1688 to 1900, and a cursory knowledge of the chief events prior to 1688.

Latin and Greek.—Questions in grammar; translation of easy passages, at sight, from and into the language in which the candidate is examined. Great importance will be attached to translation from, and especially to, the language chosen. The questions in grammar will be limited, generally, to points arising from the passages for translation.

French, German, Italian, and Maori.—As in Latin and Greek; but the papers not so elementary.

Elementary Mathematics.—Algebra to simple equations, and in geometry the ground covered by Euclid in Book I., and in Book II., propositions 1 to 7.

Theoretical Mechanics.—Solids: The British and metric systems of measurement. General and specific properties of bodies; relative and absolute motion; rest; distinction between mass and weight; density and relative density; uniform and variable velocity; measure of velocity; force and momentum; acceleration; acceleration due to gravity; representation of forces; composition of two forces acting at a point along parallel or intersecting lines; equilibrium of two or more forces acting at a point; moments of forces; composition of parallel forces; couples; centre of parallel forces; conditions of equilibrium in case of levers, wheel and axle, pulleys, inclined plane, wedge, and screw. Gravitation; centre of gravity; its position in simple cases determined by experiment; stable, unstable, and neutral equilibrium; the balance; requisites of a good balance.

Fluids: Distinction between fluids and liquids; experiments illustrating transmission of pressure through a liquid; vertical upward and downward pressure; equilibrium of a liquid in a single vessel and in communicating vessels; the water-level and artesian wells; pressure on immersed bodies; principle of Archimedes; determination of the volume of an insoluble solid; equilibrium of floating bodies; the metacentre; stability of flotation; determination of the density of insoluble solids and of liquids by (1) the balance, (2) the specific gravity bottle. Physical properties of gases; weight of a body in air and in a vacuum; Torricelli’s experiment; the barometer; verification of Boyle’s law; the siphon; air pump; suction pump; force pump.

Chemistry.—Experiments illustrative of—The three states of matter; indestructibility of matter. Physical changes compared with chemical changes. Difference between mechanical mixtures and chemical compounds. Phenomena of chemical action; conditions necessary for and influencing chemical action. The metric system; units of volume and weight and their relation; the litre. Air, its properties; the various chemical processes involving air, and the light thrown on its composition thereby. Water; its properties; solution and crystallization; purification of water; decomposition of water; elements and compounds. Production and properties of oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen. Slow and rapid oxidation; reduction. Estimation of the weight of an element in a given weight of one of its compounds, and of the weight of an element required to displace another from a given compound. Modes of chemical action: direct union, displacement, mutual exchange, decomposition; combining weights; combination of elements in definite proportions by weight; combination of gases by volume. The atomic theory used to explain chemical combination; the meaning and use of symbols; formulæ and equations; simple calculations. Definitions and general properties of oxides, acids, alkalis, and bases; production and properties of chlorine and hydrochloric acid, of ammonia and nitric acid. The various forms of carbon, sulphur, and phosphorus; the production and properties of their oxides, of sulphuretted hydrogen, and of sulphuric acid (manufacture not required). The classes of salts; the properties of NaCl, CaCl₂, KNO₃, NaNO₃, AgNO₃, Epsom and Glauber’s salts; blue, white, and green vitriol; soda crystals, bicarbonate of soda, chalk, white-lead. General properties of metals and non-metals. The preparation and properties of lime, caustic soda, zinc oxide, black copper oxide, litharge, mercuric oxide.

Sound, Light, Heat.—Sound.—Production of sound; vibrations of sounding bodies; tuning-fork; amplitude and frequency of vibrations; pitch and intensity; causes influencing intensity; velocity of sound in various media, especially in air; sound-waves; wave-lengths; laws of reflection of sound; echoes; resonances; interference of sound-waves.

Light.—Propagation and velocity of light; pencils and rays; pinhole images; illuminating power; intensity of light; effect of varying the distance of a luminous point; shadows and pnumbræ, eclipses; photometry; reflection of light, irregular reflection; formation of images in a plane mirror, in parallel and in inclined mirrors; concave spherical mirrors; determination of position of principal focus by experiment and from radius of mirror; formation of real and virtual images by mirrors; experimental illustration of conjugate foci; experiments illustrating laws of single refraction; refractive index; transmission of light through a plate, a prism, and a lens; convex lenses; determination of principal focus by experiment; formation of real and virtual images by lenses; experimental illustration of conjugate foci; composition of light; colour of objects.

Heat.—Sources and nature of heat. The terms “hot” and “cold”; distinction between temperature and heat; effects of heat. Construction of mercurial thermometers, and methods of ascertaining the fixed points. Linear expansion of solids; effects and applications of unequal expansion; real and apparent expansion of liquids; expansion of water; expansion of gases. Transmission of heat, conduction in solids and liquids; the safety-lamp. Convection in liquids and gases; hot-water heating systems, ocean currents, ventilation. Radiation; experiments illustrating emission, absorption, and reflection of radiation. The unit of heat, capacity for heat, specific heat; methods of finding specific heat of solids. The calorimeter and method of mixtures; consequences of high specific heat of water; methods of finding melting and boiling points; meaning of “latent heat” of water and of steam.

Magnetism and Electricity.—Magnetism.—Natural and artificial magnets; parts and properties of bar and horseshoe magnets; tests of permanent magnetization; attraction and repulsion; mutual action of poles of two magnets of equal strength; astatic system; the various ways of using permanent magnets for magnetizing steel bars; graphic representation of the distribution of free magnetism along a bar magnet, and of its lines of force; magnetic influence; the action of a magnet on soft iron and on steel at varying distances; keepers and their use; magnetization of a steel ring; the directive action of the earth on a magnetic needle free to swing in a horizontal or in a vertical plane. The magnetic meridian at a place, and its determination; influence of earth’s magnetism on soft iron.

Statical Electricity.—The two kinds of electrification: their simultaneous and equal development and their mutual reactions; conductors and non-conductors; electrification by contact; influence of a charged body on earth-connected and on insulated bodies; “free” and “bound” electricity. Gold-leaf electroscope: its electrification by contact and by influence, the interpretation of its indications, its use in examining the seat and distribution of charges on solid and on hollow conductors of various shapes. The electrophorus and friction electrical machine; action of points.

Current Electricity.—Fundamental experiments: Action of dilute sulphuric acid on strips of (1) commercial zinc, (2) pure or amalgamated zinc, (3) copper, (4) pure or amalgamated zinc and copper, before and after external contact between strips. The simple voltaic cell, its parts and action; the external and internal circuit. Elementary notions of electro-motive force; resistance and strength of current and the relation between them; the volt, ohm, and ampère. Best shape and arrangement of the parts of a cell; causes of the weakening of the current and the remedies adopted. Description of the common forms of voltaic cells; conditions which a good cell should fulfil. Effect of current in (1) a straight, (2) a looped, wire on a magnetic needle, and thence the determination of the direction of the current in any wire; the galvanoscope and its use in detecting changes in the strength of a current, and in comparing (roughly) the strengths of different currents or the resistances of wires and liquids; magnetic properties of a coiled conductor; the effect of introducing a soft iron core; electro-magnets; resistance of conductors; heating effect of current; incandescent lamps; chemical effect of current; elementary notions of electrolysis.

Botany.—Candidates will be required to show a knowledge of the points indicated below: The vegetable cell, its structure and mode of growth, its principal modifications, its functions. The organs of flowering plants, and the constituent parts of these organs, their functions, the method of their arrangement, their principal modifications. The fertilisation of flowers and the function of seeds; special adaptations in flowers; fruits, their various kinds and mode of formation; arrangements for preservation and for dispersal of seeds. The chief features of the phenomena of generation in the vascular cryptogams. Elementary knowledge of the chemical constituents of plants, and of the sources