338

THE NEW ZEALAND GAZETTE

[No. 15]

(3) Horticultural Botany

The candidate must show a satisfactory elementary knowledge
of the following, based on observation and simple experiments.
He should have practice in the use of the hand-lens and the drawing-
pencil:

A. The structure and contents of the living plant cell, with
special reference to protoplasm and nucleus; the structure
of plants, based on a study of the organs of a typical fern,
herb, shrub, and tree. The main life-forms of flowering
plants (e.g., annuals, biennials, perennials, rhizomatous
plants, creeping plants, climbing plants, &c.).

B. Modifications of plant organs for special functions, with
particular reference to water- and food-storage organs,
drought resistance, climbers, symbiosis.

C. The processes of nutrition, with special reference to
(a) absorption, translocation, and transpiration of water,
together with the intake of food materials from the air and
soil; (b) carbon assimilation, nitrogen assimilation,
respiration; (c) the elaboration of foods within the plant,
especially carbohydrates and proteins, their consumption
and storage, and the elimination of waste products.

D. Methods of reproduction, asexual and sexual, with special
reference to their importance for plant propagation and
plant breeding.

E. The relation of the plant to its environment, including the
influence of soils, water, light, temperature, wind. The
chief resultant plant formations (e.g., forest, scrub, grass-
land, swamps, with reference to their horticultural significance).

(4) Principles of Plant Protection

A general knowledge of the morphology and life history of an
eelworm, an earthworm, a wood-louse, an earwig, an aphid, a scale
insect, a beetle, a house fly, a moth, and a mite.

A general knowledge of the morphology and life history of a
bacterium, a downy mildew, a powdery mildew, a mould, a polypore,
an agaric, rusts, and common virus diseases of potato and tomato.

The methods of preparation, strength, and times of application
of sprays in general use, including Bordeaux mixture, Burgundy
mixture, lead arsenate, lime sulphur, nicotine, oil, and sulphur.

Methods of treating the soil by steam or by chemical substances
to control fungous and insect or other animal pests.

Glasshouse hygiene and the effects of temperature, humidity,
and soil moisture on pest and disease control in glasshouses.

Seed and bulb disinfection by chemicals and by hot-water
treatment.

Pests and disease control by hygiene, elimination of weeds,
crop rotation, and cultural methods.

(5) Oral and Practical Examination I

Propagation of plants by seeds, hard-wood and soft-wood
cuttings, division, and layering.

Garden tools and implements, including those motor-driven,
their care and use.

Common operations in the garden (e.g., pricking out seedlings,
potting up or potting on, use of water-can and hose, wrenching and
lining out, digging and trenching, preparation of seed-beds, staking
and tying plants).

Identification of common pests and diseases, and their control.
Identification of commoner trees, shrubs, and herbaceous plants,
including weeds, especially plants indigenous to New Zealand and
amenable to cultivation.

Intermediate Examination

(6) Principles of Botanical Classification

The divisions of the plant kingdom, with special reference to
the major distinctions between the following groups: Bacteria,
algaæ, fungi, mosses, liverworts, ferns, gymnosperms, monocotyledons,
dicotyledons.

Elementary knowledge of the commoner families of flowering
plants met with in horticulture, especially—

Coniferae. Myrtaceae.
Gramineae. Umbelliferae.
Amaryllidaceae. Ericaceae.
Liliaceae. Primulaceae.
Iridaceae. Gentianaceae.
Orchidaceae. Convolvulaceae.
Caryophyllaceae. Boraginaceae.
Ranunculaceae. Labiatae.
Cruciferae. Solanaceae.
Saxifragaceae. Scrophulariaceae.
Rosaceae. Cucurbitaceae.
Leguminosae. Campanulaceae.
Geraniaceae. Compositae.

And the recognition of the more important genera of the above
cultivated in gardens.

(7) Principles of Horticulture I

Soils.—The origin and classification of soils; chief constituents
and their physical properties (e.g., water-holding power, heat-
absorbing power, porosity, capillarity, texture; chemical constituents
of soil, and of the soil solution; function of sand, clay, and humus in
various forms).

Garden Operations.—The principles underlying various opera-
tions, the tools and implements used, and their general effect;
digging, trenching, hoeing, cultivating; preparation of soil for
various crops; drainage in garden, field, and nursery; mulching,
watering.

Plant Propagation.—Structure of stem, root, and seed; principles
underlying propagation by seed, cutting, budding, grafting, layering,
subdivision, and by tubers, corms, and bulbs; conditions necessary
for propagation in each case.

Pruning.—The general principles governing the pruning of
common plants of all classes and kinds for various purposes.

(8) Practice of Horticulture I

Operations connected with the soil, including cuts and fills, levels,
and grades.

Drainage of surface and sub-soil on hills and flat country.

Cultural operations for the year in different parts of the country,
as regards herbaceous plants, including lawn grasses.

Propagation, planting, and care (including pruning) of hard-
wood plants.

Glasshouse construction, ventilation, heating, and management.
Land surveying, areas up to half an acre, moderately level,
locating objects thereon, putting in level and grade pegs.

Garden design, including layout and planting.

Plant pathology, including spraying, fumigation, and other
means of controlling plant diseases and pests.

(9) Special Subject I

Chosen from the list of special subjects set out in clause 7.

(10) Oral and Practical Examination II

Propagation of plants by budding, grafting, inarching, and
more difficult types of hardwood cuttings; also the different
types of stocks.

Pruning and planting trees and shrubs for different purposes.
Lawns—preparation, sowing, turfing, and maintenance.
Glasshouse construction and heating.
Drainage and formation of yards, paths, and drives.

Identification of pests and diseases; and their control.
Identification of trees, shrubs, and other plants, their propa-
gation and use, especially plants indigenous to New Zealand and
amenable to cultivation.

The student should submit for discussion a garden plan,
including planting list.

Diploma Examination

(11) Principles of Horticulture II

The substance of prescription No. (7) and the following:

Fertilizers and Manures.—The physical and chemical properties
of the various fertilizers available and of lime; the method of use
and function of each in plant growth and its effect on the soil;
the composition and valuation of fertilizers; the composition
and value of common animal manures; the manufacture and
use of compost.

Soil biology, with reference to the normal flora and fauna
of good loam; nitrification and denitrification; decomposition of
humus, and value of leguminous crops.

Rotation of Crops.—Its object and methods, with particular
reference to the vegetable garden.

Plant Breeding.—The methods of raising new types and varieties
by selection and controlled pollination.

Climate.—Relation of heat, light, moisture, and wind to the
growth of plants and to the spread and control of pests and disease.
Horticultural Geography of New Zealand.—A knowledge of
the principal soil types and climatic regions within New Zealand
and the plants associated with them. The garden as a plant
association.

(12) Practice of Horticulture II

In addition to prescription No. (8), the following is included:

Trees and shrubs, their planting and management for the
production of fruit, timber, shelter, or ornament.
Herbaceous plants, especially those grown for cut flowers,
fruit, and vegetables, including selection and seed production.
Glasshouse and frames, the propagation and cultivation of
ornamental and food crops therein.
Packing and storing flowers, fruit, and vegetables for sale,
transport, or future use.

Land surveying and mapping areas up to 5 acres, necessary
instruments, their use and care.

Garden design and specification, properly inscribed, showing
layout and planting, with specification, including terraces, steps,
dry walls, ponds, and rock gardens.

Irrigation and watering systems.

(13) Special Subject II

(Normally the same subject as chosen for the Intermediate
Examination.)

The candidate will be expected to show a deeper and more
complete knowledge than that required in the Intermediate
Examination.

(14) Oral and Practical Examination III

Tree surgery and pruning of specimen and avenue trees.
Acclimatization of plants (including bulbs) from the Northern
Hemisphere and elsewhere.
Storage and packing of fruit and flowers, vegetables, and seeds.
Self-pollination and cross-pollination of flowers.
Instruments and equipment used in survey and mapping small
areas, their use and care.
Official soil surveys and their use in horticultural planting and
cropping.
Simple estimates in garden construction (e.g., amount of soil to
raise level of given area, or amount of metal for specified path or
road).
Sprays and spraying for control of plant diseases and pests.
Identification of plants, their propagation and use.
Submit for discussion an original survey and coloured plan of
an existing orchard, or market-garden, or private garden of at
least 5, 3, and ½ acres respectively, including homestead to scale
and properly inscribed.

Special Subject

(15) Thesis

As prescribed in clause 9 hereof.

W. O. HARVEY, Clerk of the Executive Council.