(m) The formation of scale and the precipitation of salt in boilers
under various conditions, the dangers and losses incidental
thereto, and the precautionary measures usually adopted:

(n) The description of various breakdowns and of defects in marine
steam or internal-combustion machinery that have resulted
from faulty design, imperfect construction, deterioration,
or accident; the measures whereby these breakdowns and
defects might have been prevented; and the most satisfactory
methods of repairing them:

(o) The causes of spontaneous combustion and the formation of
explosive gases in coal holds and bunkers, oil-tanks,
machinery spaces, &c., and the precautions to be taken
against accident from these causes:

(p) The application of the indicator; the interpretation of diagrams
obtained by its means; the construction of approximate
diagrams from any given data; and the determination of
the effect in steam and internal-combustion engines of
definite alteration of the valves' setting, &c., on the power,
efficiency, stress distribution, and working-fluid pressures:

(q) The general principles involved in the construction and working
of the instruments used by engineers on board ship, with
special reference to the thermometer, pyrometer, barometer,
hydrometer, pressure-gauge, indicator, voltmeter, and am-
meter, also of those used in determining the calorific value
of fuels and the physical properties of lubricating and fuel
oils:

(r) The lubrication of marine steam and internal-combustion
engines and air-compressors; the source, chemical com-
position, and properties of the lubricants used; and the
methods employed in testing them.

(s) The theory and practice of ship-propulsion; the principles
governing the action of the screw propeller and the paddle-
wheel; the effect of any alteration in the pitch, diameter,
revolutions, &c., on the ship's speed and the fuel con-
sumption and the solution of problems relating thereto:

(t) The stability and seaworthiness of ships; the laws governing
the rolling of vessels; and the estimation numerically of the
effect of loading or unloading cargo, moving of weights on
board, filling or emptying ballast-tanks, &c.:

(u) The principles and practice of ship-construction; the general
requirements in regard to the survey of vessels; and the
supervision and direction of essential repairs to the structure
of a steel ship:

(v) The principles involved in the generation of electricity; the
application of electrical energy to the lighting, heating, and
propulsion of ships and to the driving of ships' auxiliary
machinery; and the construction and working of the various
electric machines, controlling apparatus, measuring and
indicating instruments, &c., employed:

(w) The construction and working of the auxiliary machinery of
modern vessels, including the refrigerating-plant, steering
engines and gears, hydraulic engines, &c., and the principles
governing their action:

(x) The application of high-pressure steam to the propulsion of
ships; the burning of pulverized coal and oil fuel in the
furnaces of marine boilers; and the construction and
working of the various appliances employed.

The extra first-class examination papers will deal mainly with the
subjects enumerated in the above syllabus, but they may include
questions on other subjects with which a marine engineer should be
familiar.

In order to pass, a candidate must obtain not less than 60 per cent.
of the total number of marks allotted for the papers.

WORKSHOP SERVICE.

56. The requirements in regard to workshop service mentioned in
    Rule 46 apply to service at works where the making and/or repairing
    of steam or internal-combustion engines, or similar machinery, of
    suitable size forms part of the regular business for which the works
    exist.