Mar 28.] THE NEW ZEALAND GAZETTE. 797

5. Definition of units, coulomb, ohm, volt, ampere, milliampere ;
   principle and construction of apparatus for measurage of
   amperage, milliamperage, voltage (galvanometer, ammeter,
   milliameter, voltmeter).

6. Connection of cells in series and parallel ; effects of E.M.F. and
   intensity. Connection of conductors in series and parallel.

7. Portable batteries of cells. Construction. Connections. Single
   and double collectors. Testing of polarity. Care of battery.

8. Passage of current through solutions. Why solutions conduct.
   Elementary chemistry. Acids, bases, and salts. Migration
   of ions with current.

9. Passage of current through the body. Why the tissues of the
   body conduct. Migration of ions in tissue fluids. Electrodes,
   anode and cathode. Migrations of ions from electrodes into
   body ; their effect and ultimate fate.

10. Therapeutic uses of direct current. Effect on which these are
    based. Technique and risks involved. Conditions susceptible
    of deriving benefit from direct current application.

The Faradic Current.

Theory of production of currents by induction. Circuit diagram
and construction of induction coil. Nature of primary and secondary
faradic currents. Explanatory diagrams of these currents. Types of
modern induction coil. Application of faradic currents to the body.
Electrodes. Action of faradic currents on the body ; action of muscles
and nerves. Therapeutic uses. Conditions susceptible of deriving
benefit from treatment with faradic currents.

Sinusoidal Currents.

Definition. Explanatory wave-form diagram. How produced.
Source from mains and apparatus of the Pantostat type. Electrodes.
Methods of application to body. Action on muscles and nerves.
Therapeutic uses.

Modified Currents.

(a) Interrupted and surged ; modes of interrupting and surging.
Meaning of stabile and labile. Action on muscles. Production of
local and general muscular exercise. Technique.

(b) Conditions susceptible of deriving benefit from treatment with
modified currents.

Superimposed Currents.

Explanatory diagrams of resulting E.M.F. and current wave-forms.
Diagrams of combined circuits. De Watteville switch. Indications
for uses of superimposed—

(a) Faradic and direct currents.

(b) Sinusoidal and direct currents.

Currents from the Main.

Direct current (D.C.), alternating current (A.C.). Comparison of
D.C. from mains with D.C. from battery. Identity of A.C. and
sinusoidal current. Derivation of currents from mains for therapeutic
uses. Description of medical switchboard. Potential divider (shunt
rheostat), galvanoset, ionostat. Risks associated with derivation of
currents from the main ; how they arise and how avoided, with
particular reference to full-length and Schnee bath.

Electrical Reactions.

Meaning of terms “ normal reaction ” and “ reaction of degenera-
tion ” (reaction of incomplete and complete degeneration, also absence
of reaction in absolute degeneration). Meaning, significance, and
location of motor points.

Heat.

Application of heat as an adjunct to electro-therapy by means of
radiant heat—electrical heat pads, heat baths, &c. Construction of
apparatus. Technique of application and risks incurred and how
avoided.

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