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(4) "Subjects or citizens of a High Contracting Party" shall be deemed to include artificial persons constituted or incorporated under the laws of the territory of such High Contracting Party:

(5) "Subject of one (or of the other) High Contracting Party" shall be deemed, in relation to His Majesty the King of Great Britain, Ireland, and the British Dominions beyond the Seas, Emperor of India, to mean all subjects of His Majesty wherever domiciled and all persons under His protection.

II.—SERVICE OF JUDICIAL AND EXTRA-JUDICIAL DOCUMENTS.

ARTICLE 2.

(a) When judicial or extra-judicial documents drawn up in the territory of one of the High Contracting Parties are required by a judicial authority situated therein to be served on persons in the territory of the other High Contracting Party, such documents may be served on the recipient, whatever his nationality, by any of the methods provided in Articles 3 and 4 in all cases where such method of service is recognized by the law of the country of origin.

(b) In Part II of this Convention the expression "country of origin" means the country from which the documents to be served emanate, and the expression "country of execution" means the country in which service of documents is to be effected.

ARTICLE 3.

(a) A request for service shall be addressed and sent by a Consular Officer acting for the country of origin to the competent authority of the country of execution, requesting such authority to cause the document in question to be served.

(b) The request for service shall be drawn up in the language of the country of execution and shall state the names and descriptions of the parties, the name, description, and address of the recipient, and the nature of the document to be served, and shall enclose the document to be served in duplicate.

(c) The document to be served shall either be drawn up in the language of the country of execution, or be accompanied by a translation into such language. Such translation shall be certified as correct by a Consular Officer acting for the country of origin.

(d) Requests for service shall be addressed and sent—
In England, to the Senior Master of the Supreme Court of Judicature:
In Estonia, to the Ministry of Justice and of the Interior.

If the authority to whom a request for service has been sent is not competent to execute it, such authority shall (except in cases where execution is refused in accordance with paragraph (f) of this article) of his own motion forward the request to the competent authority of the country of execution.

(e) Service shall be effected by the competent authority of the country of execution, who shall serve the document in the manner prescribed by the municipal law of such country for the service of similar documents, except that, if a wish for some special manner of service is expressed in the request for service, such manner of service shall be followed in so far as it is not incompatible with the law of that country.

(f) The execution of a request for service, duly made in accordance with the preceding provisions of this article, shall not be refused unless (1) the authenticity of the request for service is not established, or (2) the High Contracting Party in whose territory it is to be executed considers that his sovereignty or safety would be compromised thereby.

(g) In every instance where a request for service is not executed by the authority to whom it has been sent, the latter will at once inform the Consular Officer by whom the request was sent, stating the ground on which the execution of the request has been refused or the competent authority to whom it has been forwarded.

(h) The authority by whom the request for service is executed shall furnish a certificate proving the service or explaining the reason which has prevented such service, and setting forth the fact, the manner and the date of such service or attempted service, and shall send the said certificate to the Consular Officer by whom the request for service was sent. The certificate of service or of attempted service shall be placed on one of the duplicates or attached thereto.

ARTICLE 4.

(a) Service may be effected, without any request to or intervention of the authorities of the country of execution, by any of the following methods :—
(1) By a Consular Officer acting for the country of origin :
(2) By an agent appointed for the purpose either by the judicial authority of the country of origin or by the party on whose application the document was issued;

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(3) Through the post ; or
(4) By any other method of service which is not illegal, under the law existing at the time of service, in the country of execution.

(b) All documents served in the manner provided in (1) of the preceding paragraph shall, unless the recipient is a subject or citizen of the High Contracting Party from whose territory the document to be served emanates, either be drawn up in the language of the country of execution or be accompanied by a translation into such language, certified as correct as prescribed in Article 3 (c).

(c) The High Contracting Parties agree that in principle it is also desirable that the provisions of paragraph (b) of this Article should apply to documents served in the manner provided in (2), (3), and (4) of paragraph (a) of this Article. Nevertheless, in the absence of any legislation in their respective territories making translations obligatory in such cases, the High Contracting Parties do not accept any obligation in this respect.

(d) It is understood that the question of the validity of any service effected by the use of any of the methods referred to in paragraph (a) of this Article will remain a matter for the free determination of the respective courts of the High Contracting Parties in accordance with their laws.

ARTICLE 5.

(a) In any case where documents have been served in accordance with the provisions of Article 3, the High Contracting Party, by whose Consular Officer the request for service was addressed, shall repay to the other High Contracting Party any charges and expenses which are payable under the law of the country of execution to the persons employed to effect service, and any charges and expenses incurred in effecting service in a special manner. These charges and expenses shall not exceed such as are usually allowed in the courts of that country.

(b) Repayment of these charges and expenses shall be claimed by the competent authority by whom the service has been effected from the Consular Officer by whom the request was addressed, when sending to him the certificate provided for in Article 3 (h).

(c) Except as provided above, no fees of any description shall be payable by one High Contracting Party to the other in respect of the service of any documents.

III.—TAKING OF EVIDENCE.

ARTICLE 6.

(a) When a judicial authority in the territory of one of the High Contracting Parties requires that evidence should be taken in the territory of the other High Contracting Party, such evidence may be taken, whatever the nationality of the parties or witnesses may be, in any one of the ways prescribed in Articles 7, 8, or 9.

(b) In Part III of this Convention, the expressions—
(1) "Taking of evidence" shall be deemed to include the taking of the statements of a plaintiff, defendant, expert, or any other person on oath or otherwise; the submission to a plaintiff, defendant, expert, or any other person of any oath with regard to any legal proceedings; and the production, identification, and examination of documents, samples, or other objects:

(2) "Witness" shall be deemed to include any person from whom any evidence, as defined above, is required to be taken:

(3) "Country of origin" shall be deemed to mean the country by whose judicial authority the evidence is required, and "country of execution" the country in which the evidence is to be taken.

ARTICLE 7.

(a) The judicial authority of the country of origin may, in accordance with the provisions of the law of his country, address himself by means of a Letter of Request to the competent authority of the country of execution, requesting such authority to take the evidence.

(b) The Letter of Request shall be drawn up in the language of the country of execution, or be accompanied by a translation into such language. Such translation shall be certified as correct by a Consular Officer acting for the country of origin. The Letter of Request shall state the nature of the proceedings for which the evidence is required, giving all necessary information in regard thereto, the names of the parties thereto, and the names, descriptions, and addresses of the witnesses. They shall also either (1) be accompanied by a list of interrogatories to be put to the witness or witnesses, or, as the case may be, by a description of the documents, samples, or other objects to be produced, identified, or examined, and a translation thereof, certified as correct in the manner heretofore provided; or (2) shall request the