(l) The deterioration and preservation of boilers and other pressure vessels usually found on board ship, with special reference to galvanic action, pitting, and corrosion, and to the use of zinc, lime, and soda; the general results obtained from past experience in relation thereto, and the various chemical reactions involved:

(m) The formation of scale and the precipitation of salt in boilers under various conditions, the dangers and losses incidental thereto, and the precautionary measures usually adopted:

(n) The description of various breakdowns and of defects in marine steam or internal-combustion machinery that have resulted from faulty design, imperfect construction, deterioration, or accident; the measures whereby these breakdowns and defects might have been prevented; and the most satisfactory methods of repairing them:

(o) The causes of spontaneous combustion and the formation of explosive gases in coal holds and bunkers, oil-tanks, machinery spaces, &c., and the precautions to be taken against accident from these causes:

(p) The application of the indicator; the interpretation of diagrams obtained by its means; the construction of approximate diagrams from any given data; and the determination of the effect in steam and internal-combustion engines of definite alteration of the valves’ setting, &c., on the power, efficiency, stress distribution, and working-fluid pressures:

(q) The general principles involved in the construction and working of the instruments used by engineers on board ship, with special reference to the thermometer, pyrometer, barometer, hydrometer, pressure-gauge, indicator, voltmeter, and ammeter, also of those used in determining the calorific value of fuels and the physical properties of lubricating and fuel oils:

(r) The lubrication of marine steam and internal-combustion engines and air-compressors; the source, chemical composition, and properties of the lubricants used; and the methods employed in testing them.

(s) The theory and practice of ship-propulsion; the principles governing the action of the screw propeller and the paddle-wheel; the effect of any alteration in the pitch, diameter, revolutions, &c., on the ship’s speed and the fuel consumption, and the solution of problems relating thereto:

(t) The stability and seaworthiness of ships; the laws governing the rolling of vessels; and the estimation numerically of the effect of loading or unloading cargo, moving of weights on board, filling or emptying ballast-tanks, &c.:

(u) The principles and practice of ship-construction; the general requirements in regard to the survey of vessels; and the supervision and direction of essential repairs to the structure of a steel ship:

(v) The principles involved in the generation of electricity; the application of electrical energy to the lighting, heating, and propulsion of ships and to the driving of ships’ auxiliary machinery; and the construction and working of the various electric machines, controlling apparatus, measuring and indicating instruments, &c., employed:

(w) The construction and working of the auxiliary machinery of modern vessels, including the refrigerating-plant, steering engines and gears, hydraulic engines, &c., and the principles governing their action:

(x) The application of high-pressure steam to the propulsion of ships; the burning of pulverized coal and oil fuel in the furnaces of marine boilers; and the construction and working of the various appliances employed.

The extra first-class examination-papers will deal mainly with the subjects enumerated in the above syllabus, but they may include questions on other subjects with which a marine engineer should be familiar.

In order to pass, a candidate must obtain not less than 60 per cent. of the total number of marks allotted for the papers.

42. WORKSHOP SERVICE.

The requirements in regard to workshop service mentioned in section 32 apply to service at works where the making and/or repairing