APRIL 8.] THE NEW ZEALAND GAZETTE. 1417

Heat and temperature; expansion by heat; thermometers; con-
duction and convection. Radiation; reflection and refraction;
the spectrum; the rainbow; sunset effects. Chemical composition
of matter; mixtures and compounds; air and water; oxygen,
nitrogen, carbon, iron, mercury, carbon-dioxide, lime, silica, alkali es,
common salt. Rain, dew, snow, hail, ice. Magnetism; mariner’s
compass; variation of the needle; magnetic poles of the earth.
Earth’s crust; minerals; rocks, stratified and unstratified. The
chief forms of animal and vegetable life; fossils; succession of
geological strata.

(b.) The earth’s form; the horizon; the earth’s dimensions and
density; rotation of the earth on its axis. Latitude and longitude
as angles and as arcs. Distance of earth from sun; dimensions and
density of sun. Inclination of earth’s axis; variation of length of
day and night; the four seasons. The north and south line; the sun-
dial; altitude of the sun; methods of determining latitude and longi-
tude; great circles, small circles. The moon; lunar and solar eclipses;
tides. The solar system; planets and “fixed stars”; law of gravity.
Maps, how constructed; the conical, equidistant, and Mercator’s
projections; scale of map, contour lines; great-circle sailing; rhumb-
line sailing. The atmosphere; isothermals; rainfall; dew point;
winds, land and sea breezes, steady winds, cyclones, seasonal winds;
Ballot’s law; isobars. Climate, circumstances affecting climate.
The earth’s crust, its folding, faulting, movements slow and
sudden. Work of rain, ice, rivers, and the sea. Distribution of
plants and animals.

The candidate will be expected to show that, as far as possible,
he has acquired his knowledge of the subject by actual experiment,
observation, and measurement, but will not be expected to show
any further knowledge of pure mathematics than what is demanded
in subjects (10) and (11) above. He will be required to forward to
the Education Department, before the examination, a certificate
on the form supplied by the Department that he has gone through
a sufficient course of practical work in the subject occupying at least
eighty hours.

(17.) Geology.—Form and size of the earth, general chemical constitution
of the crust; elements of crystallography and the classification of
minerals, the principal rock-forming minerals and metallic ores,
macroscopic characters and minute structure of rocks; classifica-
tion of rocks according to their nature, composition, and mode of
origin; volcanoes and volcanic action; earthquakes, secular move-
ments of the crust; metamorphism; the geological effects of air,
water, and living organisms; stratification, joints, inclination, and
curvature of rocks; cleavage; faults; unconformity; mode of
occurrence of igneous and metamorphic rocks; surface-features due
to disturbance, volcanic action, and denudation.

An elementary knowledge of the chief orders of plants and the
chief orders of animals that are represented in Australasian fossils.
Geographical distribution of animals and plants in relation to
geology, chronological classification of rocks, geological eras, and
the characteristic fossils of the geological periods. The general
geological structure of New Zealand, including the broader features
of the chief systems of rocks, and the most characteristic genera
(only) of fossils. Recognition of a well-known mineral or of a com-
mon rock from specimens or from descriptions.

A candidate in Geology will be required to forward to the
Education Department, before the examination, a certificate on the
form supplied by the Department that he has gone through a
sufficient course of practical work in the subject occupying at least
eighty hours.

(18.) Botany.—General: (1.) The general structure and life-history of the
following organisms, to illustrate certain general biological phe-
nomena and laws—Haematococcus, Spirogyra, yeast, bacteria,
Amoeba, aciliate infusorian, a fern, a flowering-plant, Hydra
or any hydroid polyp. (2.) General structure and physiology of
the cell; the general facts of nuclear division and cell-division.
(3.) Principles of classification. (4.) Origin of species, heredity and
variation, struggle for existence, use and disuse, degeneration, rudi-
mentary and vestigial organs, modifications for protection and
aggression, natural selection, production of varieties, connection
between ontogeny and phylogeny. (5.) The bearing of the main
facts of geographical and geological distribution on the theory of
evolution.