the property being built over, the Engineer may allow the
or sewer. Where water-supply is required, the water-pipe
gully to be placed inside the building in such position as he
must in all cases deliver with a free outfall into an open
may consider necessary, or he may require the gully-trap to
cistern above the highest water-level of such cistern, and such
be dispensed with, and in such case all sanitary fittings shall
water-pipe shall be provided with a high-pressure stopcock
be ventilated and connected after the manner provided in
on the supply pipe to the cistern.
these by-laws for a water-closet.

Gully-traps.

No opening into a drain shall be made or allowed to remain
other than such as is provided for the purpose of ventilation
or inspection or for a water-closet connection, or slop-sink or
urinal connection, as provided in the first part of this section,
unless by means of an approved gully-trap. The dishes of
all gully-traps shall be surrounded by a brick or cement
coping 3 in. thick, and the height of such brick or cement
coping shall be not less than 3 in. above the surface of the
ground in the immediate vicinity. All gully-traps shall be of
the self-cleansing form, and shall have all angles rounded.

Plumbing-work.

All sanitary fittings shall be placed, wherever possible,
against external walls. Such portion of their waste and vent
pipes as shall be inside or under any building shall be of
drawn lead, or cast iron, or screwed galvanized iron; those
portions which are outside any building shall be made of the
same material or of galvanized pipes, shall be carried to the
outside of the building by the shortest route practicable, and
then carried down or up outside the building. No waste or
ventilating pipe shall be connected with a rain-water pipe.

All waste pipes and traps shall, wherever practicable, be
exposed to view for ready inspection and for convenience in
repairing, and whenever placed within walls or buildings or
otherwise not exposed to view they shall be covered with
woodwork fastened with screws so that such woodwork can
be readily removed.

Refuse not to be put in Manholes.

No person shall cast, throw, or place any solid or liquid
matter of any kind in any manhole, lamphole, or inspection-
chamber, or other opening of a similar character in any sewer
or drain; and in case of any sewer or drain becoming wholly
or partially blocked in consequence of any breach of this
clause the person offending shall pay the Board the cost of
removing such matter by any officer of the Board, and the
same shall be recoverable as a debt in any Court of com-
petent jurisdiction.

Manhole-covers.

No person shall, without the authority of the Council in
writing, lift the cover of any manhole, lamphole, or inspec-
tion-chamber, or shall in any way interfere with any drain,
sewer, tank, or ventilator either on public or private ground.

Soil-pipes.

All soil-pipes must be connected direct with the drain, and
shall not be fixed inside any building, but shall be placed out-
side the walls thereof; and the connection with any closet
inside shall be made as short and straight as possible. Every
soil-pipe shall be ventilated by a pipe carried up above the
roof of the building. No soil-pipe shall be less than 4 in.
internal diameter, and no connection thereof for ventilation
shall be less than 4 in. internal diameter. Every soil-pipe
shall be of glazed stoneware, cast iron, or lead.

Closet Seats.

The seats of all water-closets shall be so constructed as to
be easily removable, in order that every part of the closet may
be inspected with facility. The trap of every closet shall be
provided with a ventilating-pipe at least 2 in. in diameter, of
6 lb. lead or galvanized wrought-iron piping, such joint to be
made with bitumen. This pipe to be carried up either to a
point 3 ft. above roof or connected to the extension of soil-
pipe at a point not less than 3 ft. above highest branch from
closet.

Where two or more closets are connected to one soil-pipe
the ventilation pipes from their traps may be connected to
a single pipe ventilation, size depending on number of fix-
tures. Safes to be fixed under sanitary fittings where directed
by the Inspector.

Fixing Closets.

The proper method of fixing closets, sinks, &c., is shown
herein, and sample closets may be seen at the Board's yard.
No deviation from these methods will be allowed, and no
closet other than those shown may be used unless a sample
of the closet has been previously submitted to and approved
in writing by the Board.

Water-pipes to be disconnected.

No pipe leading from the Board's water-mains or from any
service pipes connected therewith shall on any pretext what-
ever be connected directly with any closet, urinal, trap, drain,

Radius for Drainage.

Owners and occupiers may be notified to provide water-
closets : Whenever there shall be a sewer within 100 ft. from
any property on which any building at the time these by-laws
come into force is, or which at any future time shall be,
erected, and in which building any person shall dwell or be
employed, or which building is constructed, or being con-
structed, or being adapted for human habitation or with a
view to persons being employed therein, then and in every
such case it shall be lawful for the Board, by notice in writing,
to require the owner of such building to provide and affix
a water-closet for the same. An owner served with a notice
as aforesaid shall, within thirty days thereafter, cause a water-
closet to be provided and affixed in such building or outside
the same (but on the private property whereon such building
is erected or may be erected). Such water-closet shall be
constructed in accordance in every respect with the pro-
visions of these by-laws relating to water-closets, and shall
have all works, fixtures, and appliances of every kind re-
quired by these by-laws, and shall be connected with a sewer
by a drain, and in manner and in every respect as required
by these by-laws.

Proportion of Cost and Rebates.

In any case where a sewer is constructed in a public street
or through private property at the sole expense of any person,
then it shall not be lawful for any person to connect with the
said sewer until a proportionate part of the cost of the sewer
has been paid to the Board, such proportionate part being
fixed in all cases by the Board. The said proportionate part
received by the Board shall be held for the purpose of rebate
to the person originally constructing the sewer.

Old Closets to be removed.

Upon the expiration of the time within which any water-
closet is required to be provided and affixed as aforesaid, it
shall be the duty of the owner of every property to cause
to be removed from his property every privy or earth or
other such closet not being a water-closet, in accordance with
these by-laws, being thereon.

Only Water-closets permitted.

After a water-closet shall have been provided for any build-
ing erected on property (whether already or to be hereafter
provided), it shall be unlawful for the owner of such property
or any other person to construct, erect, set up, or provide any
privy or earth or other such closet on the said property.

Lighting and Ventilation of Closets.

Every water-closet erected in a building shall be constructed
in such a position that at least one of its sides shall be an
external wall; and such external wall shall be provided with
a window having an area, exclusive of frame, of not less than
2 square feet, and also with an air-brick or an inlet covered
with perforated zinc or galvanized-wire netting, having an
area of not less than 40 square inches, and such window shall
be made to open directly on or communicate directly with
the open air throughout at least one-third of its area. In the
case of a fully detached water-closet or one attached to an
outhouse, light and ventilation shall be provided as above.

Urinals and Slop-sinks.

No person shall erect or construct any urinal, and no
occupier shall permit any urinal to be used, on his pre-
mises unless such urinal is placed, constructed, and fitted as
follows :

(a.) No urinal or slop-sink shall be erected in any room or
closet used for any other purpose than a lavatory or privy.

(b.) Any urinal erected or placed within any building used
or partly used as a dwellinghouse, shop, office, factory, or
workshop, and any urinal erected or placed within 15 ft. of
any such building and not being unroofed and open to the
air, shall have a basin or divisions of earthenware or enamelled
iron, with a flushing-rim properly supplied with water, and
shall be fitted with a waste-pipe of lead, trapped by a lead trap,
and caused to discharge over a gully-trap placed outside the
building.

(c.) Any urinal erected and placed otherwise than as before
mentioned, or in lieu thereof, shall be so constructed as to
conduct the urine over impervious channels to a proper gully-
trap suitably placed.

(d.) The floors of all urinals shall be sloped, channelled, and
properly drained, and together with the walls and divisions
shall be formed of brick, stone, concrete, or other material
impervious to water. No part of the basin or trough or