778

THE NEW ZEALAND GAZETTE.

[No. 15

its position in simple cases; stable, unstable, and neutral equilibrium.

The representation of force; the spring balance; composition and resolution of concurrent forces; determination of the resultant of parallel forces; moments of force. Simple machines. Simple measurement of frictional forces. Simple experiments illustrating elasticity; comparison of the flexure produced by a given weight in rods of different size and material. The simple pendulum.

Measurement of expansion by heat of solids, liquids, and gases; transference of heat; application to hot-water circulation systems and ventilation. Thermometers; experiments on melting and solidifying points, on boiling-points, and on evaporation and condensation with the following substances — paraffin-wax, butter, water, salt-solution, methylated spirits. Measurement of heat; specific and latent heats treated very simply. Dew-point.

Propagation of light; pin-hole images; shadows; photometry. Laws of reflection and refraction of light with reference to plane surfaces; transmission of light through a plate, a prism, and a lens; formation of images by single convex lenses; the simple magnifying-glass; the spectrum.

Properties of magnets; methods of making magnets. Induction. Elementary notions of the magnetic field and lines of force. The earth as a magnet; dip; declination.

Electrification by friction and by induction. Conductors and non-conductors; the gold-leaf electroscope and its use; distribution of electrification on conductors; hollow conductors; the electrophorus.

Elementary notions of the electric current, of the means of procuring it, of its magnetic, heating, and chemical effects, of electromotive force and resistance. Ohm’s law. The galvanoscope, its use in detecting changes in the strength of a current and in comparing (roughly) the strengths of different currents and the resistances of different conductors. The voltmeter. The glow lamp.

The candidate will be required to forward, before the date of examination, a certificate in the prescribed form that he has carried out satisfactorily a course of practical work based on the above syllabus.

(16.) Elementary Botany (alternative with Elementary Zoology). —The candidate will be required to show that he has acquired his knowledge of the following topics by observation, investigation, and experiment:—

The organs of flowering-plants, their arrangement and principal modifications; their functions, so far as can be ascertained by observation and simple experiments.

The general arrangement, distribution, and structure of plant-tissues, so far as they can be studied with the aid of a good hand lens. The structure of fruits; the various kinds of fruits.

The main phenomena of the life-history (excluding microscopic processes) of common flowering-plants; germination; establishment and growth; comparison of different types of germination; the mechanism of pollination; fruit and seed dispersal.

Structure of garden-soil, different types of soil and their air and water contents; rough methods of mechanical analysis of soils.

Elementary knowledge of the chemical constituents of plants and of the sources from which the plant obtains them.

Simple qualitative and quantitative experiments illustrating the nutrition of plants, the conduction of water and food substances in the plant, storage of reserve material, respiration, transpiration, irritability.

The struggle for existence; adaptation of plants to their surroundings and to cold and drought, protection against animals; comparison of creeping-plants, rosette-forming plants, grasslike plants, shrubs, trees, and climbing-plants; the shapes of leaves and the causes to which they are due; plant societies.