3316
THE NEW ZEALAND GAZETTE.
[No. 81

serted in layers not exceeding 12 in. in thickness, and each
layer shall be carefully rammed.
Concrete.—Concrete shall be composed of not less than one
part of Portland or other cement to three parts of gravel
and two parts of sand. These materials must be thoroughly
mixed whilst dry, and shall be turned over three times
whilst being wetted from the rose of a watering-can. The
smallest quantity of water possible shall be used in mixing.
Sand.—Sand shall be sharp, coarse, and entirely free from all
impurities and dirt, and shall be washed if necessary.
Gravel.—Gravel for concrete shall be perfectly clean and free
from soil, clay, dust, or other impurities, must be screened,
and shall be washed if necessary, none shall be used that
cannot be passed in any direction through a 1½ in. ring.
Cement.—Cement of approved brands and quality only shall
be used.
Mortar.—Mortar shall consist of equal parts of Portland
cement and sand. It shall be thoroughly mixed with as
much clean water as is necessary to form a thick paste,
and none but freshly made mortar shall be used.
Water-test.—The water-test is to be applied to all drains and
underground vent-shafts by the drain-connector in the
presence of the Sanitary Inspector, and the drain shall not
be filled in before such test is applied and the drain ap-
proved by the Sanitary Inspector. The Sanitary Inspector
may, at his option, require the drain to remain filled with
water whilst it is covered in, to prove that no fracture or
leak has occurred.
Smoke-test.—Where, owing to likely excessive pressure on the
pipes and joints, it is found impracticable to use the water-
test, the smoke-test shall be applied.

PLUMBING.

The manner in which the setting-up, jointing, and fixing
of sanitary appliances and their connection, and the quality
and strength of materials to be used in connection therewith,
under this part of this by-law, shall be as hereinafter set out
in this specification, and any breach or non-observance of
any requirement thereof shall be an offence.
The specification for such works and materials is as fol-
lows :—
Drain Vent-pipes. — Drain vent-pipes may be of lead, cast
iron, or galvanized sheet iron, as follows :—
Lead pipes shall be drawn lead equal in thickness to
6 lb. sheet lead.
Cast-iron pipes shall be of not less than ³⁄₁₆ in. thick,
and sound in every particular, and coated inside and
outside with an approved protective coating.
Galvanized sheet-iron pipes shall be 22 B.W.G. The
pipes shall be made with double-lapped seams, and be
socketed 2 in. and the joint soldered.
The entire internal surface of these pipes shall be painted
with two coats of hot tar as a protective coating.
Soil-pipes.—Soil-pipes shall be drawn lead pipes, not less
than 6 lb. to the square foot, or of cast-iron pipes ³⁄₁₆ in.
thick, properly coated inside and outside with an approved
protective coating.
Flush Pipes.—Flush pipes shall be drawn lead pipe 6 lb. to
the square foot, or of galvanized wrought-iron pipe 1½ in.
diameter.
Soil-pipe Vent-pipe. — Soil-pipe vent-pipe shall when run
inside a building be of 6 lb. drawn lead pipe, when fixed
outside they may be of 6 lb. drawn lead pipe or ³⁄₁₆ in.
cast-iron pipe, or 22 B.W.G. galvanized sheet-iron pipe
with double-lapped and soldered seams, painted internally
with two coats of hot tar, as specified for drain-vents.
Waste-pipes.—Waste-pipes shall be of lead, cast iron, or
galvanized wrought iron.
Weights of Lead and Cast-iron Waste and Vent Pipes.—Lead
waste and vent pipes shall be of lead pipe, 6 lb. to the
square foot. Cast-iron waste and vent pipes shall be as
follows :—
2 in. .. .. 34 lb. per 6 ft. length.
2½ in. .. .. 40 lb. per 6 ft. length.
3 in. .. .. 48 lb. per 6 ft. length.
3½ in. .. .. 54 lb. per 6 ft. length.
4 in. .. .. 60 lb. per 6 ft. length.
Galvanized Wrought-iron Pipes. — Galvanized wrought-iron
pipes, wastes, and vents shall be of standard strengths,
well galvanized, and clear in bore. Special socketed
curved Y tees and bends, provided with access screws shall
be used for connecting branches and change of direction.
All joints must butt, which shall be done by threading
the pipes of sufficient length, or, as an alternative in the
case of coupling joints, by using short sockets.
Size of Waste and Waste-vent Pipes.—The following are the
minimum sizes of waste and waste-vent pipes which shall
be used, unless otherwise directed by the Sanitary In-
spector :—

Traps.—Lead traps shall be drawn lead, 6 lb. to the square
foot. Brass traps shall be of approved strength and finish.
Cast-iron traps shall be of approved strength, and pro-
perly coated or enamelled inside and outside to prevent
oxidation.
Fixing Pipes.—All lead vent, soil, and waste pipes fixed to
the face of walls shall be fixed by means of strong lead
tacks or bands wiped to the pipe and spaced as nearly
as possible at 5 ft. centres for vertical pipes, and 2 ft. 6 in.
for inclined pipes. If approved grounds are used for sup-
port, bands or tacks shall not be required for inclined
pipes.
For pipes run in chases, block joints, tacks, or bands may
be used.
Cast-iron pipes with lugs shall be secured with suitable
nails or screws and washers. If without cast lugs,
1 in. by ¼ in. wrought-iron clips shall be used.
Galvanized wrought-iron pipes shall be secured with
clips of malleable or strong galvanized hoop-iron.
Galvanized sheet-iron pipes shall be secured with bands
of 20 B.W.G. sheet iron, spaced at 6 ft. centres for
vertical pipes, and 3 ft. centres for inclined pipes, as
nearly as possible.
When stays are required for vent-pipes these shall be of
¾-in. piping or rod iron, properly secured to a galvanized
hoop-iron band round the pipe and to the roof or parapet
wall. All vent-pipes passing round or set over gutters and
eaves shall have a galvanized hoop-iron clip fixed to the roof
above the gutter or eave. For fixing purposes, preference
shall be given to round head screws and washers where
practicable.
Cisterns.—Water-closet or urinal cisterns may be of copper,
cast iron, or galvanized sheet iron, 22 B.W.G. The seams
of sheet-iron cisterns shall be double-welted and properly
soldered, the top edge being beaded ¼ in. Cast-iron and
galvanized sheet-iron cisterns shall be painted inside and
outside with three coats of oil paint.
JOINTS.—Cast-iron-to-cast-iron joints to be made with a ring
or two of spunyarn, then run with soft lead to a depth of
1½ in. and caulked; lead wool may be used instead of
molten lead, if preferred.
Cast-iron-to-lead joints to be made by wiping a brass ferrule
on the end of the lead pipe, and then caulked with spun
yarn and lead as for cast-iron joints.
Lead-to-lead, lead-to-brass, or lead-to-copper joints to be
wiped underhand or branch solder joints.
Lead-to-wrought-iron connections shall be made either by
wiping a brass cap and lining on the lead pipe, or by
wiping a socket thereon, care being taken to form a butt-
joint between the ends of the lead and iron pipes, in the
socket.
Lead to galvanized iron. —The lead pipe shall be socketed
2 in., and the joint properly sweated with solder.
Galvanized sheet iron to cast iron.—The galvanized sheet-
iron pipe shall be strengthened on the end by a band
3 in. wide of the same material soldered to it, then jointed
as for cast-iron pipes.
Galvanized sheet-iron-pipes joints shall be socketed 2 in.
and soldered.
Joints between a closet-trap and a lead soil-pipe to be made
by wiping a brass or strong cast-lead socket to the lead
pipe, then jointed with spunyarn and bitumen. Sockets
for this purpose shall have at least ¼ in. jointing space.
Joints between a closet-trap and a drain to be made with
spunyarn and bitumen.
Joints between the closet-vent and flushing-nozzle shall be
made by means of a lead cap worked to fit over the
nozzles, the space between being filled with red-lead