1060
THE NEW ZEALAND GAZETTE.
[No. 29

structure, life-history, and mode of life of the following types: Sea anemone, starfish, tapeworm, earthworm, crayfish, cockroach or other insect, snail, frog, fish, and rabbit. The distribution of the vertebrata; the characters and subdivisions of the zoogeographical regions; the interpretation of the facts of distribution; the recognition and classification of a well-known animal from a specimen or from a description. The simpler processes of dissecting and of preparing unstained objects for microscopical examination.

(19.) Botany.—Elementary general biology as in subject (18) Zoology. Elementary morphology, anatomy, and physiology of plants; elementary knowledge of the structure and life-history of the bean, the pine, the liverwort (Marchantia or Lunularia), of a mould (Mucor); a knowledge of the chief divisions of plants and the characters of the Pteridophyta (or vascular cryptogams), and of the following orders of flowering plants—Graminaceæ, Liliaceæ, Orchidaceæ, Ranunculaceæ, Cruciferæ, Geraniaceæ, Umbelliferæ, Myrtaceæ, Rosaceæ, Leguminosæ, Scrophulariaceæ, Compositæ, Coniferæ; an elementary general knowledge of the New Zealand flora; recognition and classification of a well-known plant from a specimen or from a description. The process of dissecting plants, and of preparing sections for microscopical examination (not involving the use of other than the very commonest reagents). Ability to describe a flowering plant or a fern.

(20.) Physiology and the Structure of the Body.—The chief differences between animals and plants, especially as regards nutrition. The animal cell and its more important modifications. Structure of bone and of cartilage; the principal bones of the human skeleton, their arrangement and functions; structure of the principal joints. Muscles, their structure, mode of attachment, and functions, with a knowledge of the principal muscles that give form to the human body. The structure and functions of the vocal organs. The alimentary tract and the functions of alimentation. The lymphatic system. The heart, and the circulatory system in general, including the physical composition and functions of the blood. Respiration and the respiratory organs. Glands, especially those concerned in alimentation; secretion in general; excretion and excretory organs. Structure and function of the kidneys. The skin and its functions. A general knowledge of the central nervous system, with a knowledge of a few of the principal nerves and of the principal forms of nerve endings; afferent and efferent nerves; reflex action and nerve functions in general. The sympathetic nervous system. The organs of sense, especially the ear and the eye. Practical histological work will not be demanded, except in so far as the preparation, without the use of the microtome, of unstained tissue for microscopical examination is concerned. The paper will be so framed as to discover, by practical tests or otherwise, whether the candidate has actually dissected some readily available mammal, as the rabbit, dog, or sheep.

(21.) Hygiene.—Composition, characters, and classification of drinking-waters. Sources of water-supply. The collection, storage, and distribution of water; constant and intermittent systems of water-service compared. Sources of contamination and protective precautions; effects of impure and insufficient supplies. Methods of filtering and purifying water; construction and action of water-filters. Composition, properties, and impurities of air; chemical and microscopical examination of air. Effects of temperature; humidity, dew, mist, rain, and snow. Quantity of fresh air required under varying conditions; air-space around and in buildings; overcrowding. Prin-