Nov. 29.] THE NEW ZEALAND GAZETTE. 3051

to the earth’s rotation. Velocity; force, resultant of forces. Centre of gravity. Measurement of angles; angular velocity; “centrifugal force.” Energy; forms of energy. Heat and temperature; expansion by heat; thermometers; conduction and convection. Radiation; reflection and refraction; the spectrum; the rainbow; sunset effects. Chemical composition of matter; mixtures and compounds; air and water; oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, iron, mercury, carbon-dioxide, lime, silica, alkalies, common salt. Rain, dew, snow, hail, ice. Magnetism; mariner’s compass; variation of the needle; magnetic poles of the earth. Earth’s crust; minerals; rocks, stratified and unstratified. The chief forms of animal and vegetable life; fossils; succession of geological strata.

(b.) The earth’s form; the horizon; the earth’s dimensions and density; rotation of the earth on its axis. Latitude and longitude as angles and as arcs. Distance of earth from sun; dimensions and density of sun. Inclination of earth’s axis; variation of length of day and night; the four seasons. The north and south line; the sun-dial; altitude of the sun; methods of determining latitude and longitude; great circles, small circles. The moon; lunar and solar eclipses; tides. The solar system; planets and “fixed stars”; law of gravity. Maps, how constructed; the conical, equidistant, and Mercator’s projections; scale of map, contour lines; great-circle sailing; rhumb-line sailing. The atmosphere; isothermals; rainfall; dew-point; winds, land and sea breezes, steady winds, cyclones, seasonal winds; Ballot’s law; isobars. Climate, circumstances affecting climate. The earth’s crust, its folding, faulting, movements slow and sudden. Work of rain, ice, rivers, and the sea. Distribution of plants and animals.

N.B.—The candidate will be expected to show that, as far as possible, he has acquired his knowledge of the subject by actual experiment, observation, and measurement, but will not be expected to show any further knowledge of pure mathematics than what is demanded in subject (17), clause 36.

(23.) Geology.—The general structure of the earth; mode of formation, character, and classification of the chief rocks, especially those represented in New Zealand; a knowledge of the principles upon which classification as to age is determined; a knowledge of geological phenomena and of the methods of geological research; an elementary knowledge of the chief minerals that occur in New Zealand; an elementary knowledge of the chief orders of plants and the chief orders of animals that are represented in New Zealand fossils; recognition of a well-known mineral or of a common rock from specimens or from descriptions.

(24.) Zoology.—(a.) Elementary general biology: The general structure and life-history of the following organisms to illustrate the biological phenomena and laws mentioned below—Hæmatococcus, spirogyra, yeast, bacteria, amœba, a ciliate infusorian, a fern (the general life-history only), a flowering plant, hydra or any hydroid polyp, frog. The general structure and physiology of the cell; the general facts of nuclear division and cell division. General structure of the simple tissues in plants and animals, arrangements of tissues into organs, and systems of organs. General phenomena of nutrition, circulation, respiration, and excretion in plants and animals. Elementary physiology of muscle and nerve. General phenomena of reproduction, sexual and asexual, in plants and animals. Principles of classification.

(b.) Zoology: The distinctive characters of the leading divisions of the animal kingdom; an elementary