JUNE 7.] THE NEW ZEALAND GAZETTE. 1457

magnetic chart, the course to steer and the distance
from one given position to another, to find the ship’s
position on the chart from cross-bearings of two
objects, and from two bearings of the same or different
objects, the course and distance run between taking
the bearings being given, also the distance of the ship
from the object at the time of taking the second
bearing. He must be able to find the deviation of
the compass by bearings of two objects in a line.
He must be able to find the times of high and
low water at the different places given in the
“New Zealand Nautical Almanac.” He must also
pass an examination in the International Code of
Signals, the New Zealand General Harbour Regula-
tions, and the colonial bar and tidal signals.

73. Examination in Seamanship.—He must possess
    a thorough knowledge of the rule of the road as
    regards both steamers and sailing-vessels, their regu-
    lation lights, and fog and sound signals. He must
    be able to describe the signals of distress and the
    use and management of the rocket apparatus in the
    event of his vessel being stranded, and a knowledge
    as to the ports in New Zealand where such rocket
    apparatus for saving life has been placed. He must
    be able to mark and use the lead and log lines, to
    manage a ship’s boat in a surf or in heavy weather,
    to bend, unbend, set, reef, take in, and furl sail,
    to know how to act for the safety of the vessel if
    caught in a sudden squall, and what action to take
    if a man falls overboard, or if spars carry away;
    also any other questions of a like nature appertain-
    ing to the duties of the master of this class of vessel.

Extra Certificates.

74. Certificates as Extra Master.—An extra master’s
    certificate will entitle the holder to go to sea as master
    of any vessel, sailing or steam.

The examination is voluntary, and intended for
such persons as wish to prove their superior quali-
fications, and are desirous of having certificates of
the highest grade granted by the Marine Depart-
ment.

The extra examination may take place when the
applicant is qualified to go up for examination for
an ordinary master’s certificate, or at any time sub-
sequent to his having passed the examination for
that certificate.

75. Examination in Navigation.—The candidate
    will be required to work out and show the con-
    struction of any four of the problems* prescribed
    for the ordinary certificates, and to satisfy the
    Examiner in the oral subjects prescribed for those
    certificates. He must also be prepared to be ex-
    amined in any of the following subjects, showing
    the construction of all the problems :†—

(a.) To work a lunar observation by either
sun, star, or planet; and to compute
the altitudes when they are not given.

(b.) To find the latitude from double altitudes
of the sun or of a star.

(c.) To determine, from simultaneous observa-
tions of two different stars, the position
of the ship and the true bearing of the
stars by Sumner’s method. The can-
didate may either determine the four
longitudes from the two assumed lati-
tudes which will be given, or solve the
question in any other way he may choose.

(d.) To find the error of a chronometer from
the altitude of the sun or of a star, ob-
served with an artificial or with the
natural horizon.

(e.) To explain clearly, in writing, the principles
of (1) great circle-sailing, (2) windward
great-circle sailing, (3) composite great-
circle sailing; and their advantages and
disadvantages.

(f.) To show approximately on a terrestrial
globe the great-circle track, and the
distance from one given position to
another; also the latitude and longi-
tude of vertex, and the longitude from
vertex; and to explain how the track
can then be transferred to a Mercator’s
chart. Occasionally the candidate will
be required to lay the track down on a
chart.

(g.) To determine the initial great-circle
course, and the distance from one given
position to another, the latitude and
longitude of vertex, the longitude from
vertex, and the latitudes and longi-
tudes through which the great circle
will pass; laying the track, compo-
site or otherwise, down on a Merca-
tor’s chart, and explaining briefly how
the course and distance from one point
to another on this track is then found.
This problem may, subject to the de-
cision of the Examiner, be solved either
by calculation or by any tables, graphic
method, or great-circle chart known to
and preferred by the candidate, and it
will usually be set so as to leave the
choice of method to the candidate.

(h.) To draw a figure, and write down the
trigonometrical ratios.

(i.) Right-angled plane trigonometry; deduc-
ing and writing down the formula for each
computation in the problem given.

(j.) Oblique-angled plane trigonometry; de-
ducing and writing down the formula,
or the rule, for each computation in the
problem given.

(k.) To give Napier’s rules for circular parts
for the solution of right-angled spherical
triangles, explaining clearly how the
different angles and sides are considered
in deducing the formulæ.

(l.) Right-angled spherical trigonometry.

(m.) The laws of the deviation of the compass
in iron ships. (See Appendix K.)

(n.) To construct a Mercator’s chart.

(o.) The law of storms. The candidate to write
a paper of what he knows of this sub-
ject.

He must be prepared to answer viva voce questions
on the following subjects :—

(p.) The leading principles of the construction
of the sextant and of the vernier.

(q.) The civil duties of a shipmaster, in which
he will be expected to show a more ex-
tensive knowledge than a candidate for
an ordinary master’s certificate.

The construction of the problems mentioned above
must be shown as follows :—

(a.) A circle should be drawn projected on the
plane of the horizon—unless the problem
can be shown better otherwise—and a
correct figure drawn in it, the magnitude

• Either of the chart papers, Exn. 9c or Exn. 9d, may be
  given as one of these four problems.

† Two or three of these problems may usually be omitted,
but all those set in the examination-papers given to the
candidate must be worked

E