286
THE NEW ZEALAND GAZETTE.
[No. 7

mountains and rivers, and other conspicuous features of the continents ;
chief trade-centres and trade-routes ; the countries in which the principal
articles of commerce are produced ; the oceans, great seas, and important
islands and straits.

NOTE ON COURSES B AND C (STANDARDS III.—VI.)

These parts of the subject cannot for the most part be taught directly
from observation of the actual facts ; but it is recommended that pictures
should be used as largely as possible in conjunction with the globe and
maps.

Suitable pictures from illustrated papers are available in almost every
school, and if these are mounted upon brown paper and kept, each school
will in time come to possess a collection of pictures that, with a little
supplementing from other sources, will form a very useful adjunct to the
lessons in physical and descriptive geography. The pictures should be
used in such a way as to call forth the reasoning powers of the children
as much as possible. They may be passed round the class in order, each
pupil having a map, or atlas, and a note-book ; and the lesson at the end
might sum up and enforce the ideas gained from the pictures. The pupils
should be trained in the habit of making rough sketch-maps of small por-
tions of the earth’s surface to illustrate special points, but it is not
desirable that time should be spent in making elaborate copies of maps
in the atlas.

DRAWING.

STANDARD I.

44. Drawing, with and without ruler and set-squares, of rectilineal
    figures, of straight lines, of angles, of borders and patterns, and of actual
    objects ; elementary geometrical notions. (See clause 46.)

STANDARD II.

As for Standard I., but more advanced. The instruction in freehand
is to include practice in drawing simple curves. (See clause 46.)

STANDARD III.

As for Standard II., but more advanced. The instruction in freehand
is to include practice in drawing simple curvilinear forms. Ruler-work is
to include very elementary exercises in drawing to scale. (See clause 46.)

STANDARD IV.

Drawing with aid of instruments, drawing to scale, pattern-drawing.
Freehand drawing is to be in advance of that for Standard III. (See
clause 46.)

STANDARD V.

As for Standard IV., but more advanced. The drawing with instru-
ments is to include instruction in elementary solid geometry. (See
clause 46.)

STANDARD VI.

As for Standard V., but more advanced. The solid geometry is to
include easy sections and oblique (isometric) projections of solids pre-
sented for Standard V. The freehand drawing is to include drawing from
simple models.

These requirements are further explained in clauses below.

GENERAL.

45. In preparatory classes, the instruction in drawing is to be directed
    towards preparing the children for the work of the First Standard. The
    character of the work should be such as to familiarise the children with
    elementary notions of form and proportion, to quicken their perceptive
    faculties, and to train them in habits of accuracy and decision, in
    dexterity of hand, and in freedom and boldness of style. The several
    branches of handwork that are prescribed for school classes in the regu-
    lations issued under the Manual and Technical Instruction Act, if taken
    in conjunction with suitable instruction in drawing, afford ample mate-
    rial for attaining the object in view.

In all work in which the subject-matter lends itself to such treatment,
the children should be encouraged to draw diagrams or sketches to
illustrate various points of the instruction ; in other words, they should
be taught, in a very simple way, to use drawing as a means of expression.
The several parts of Blair’s Colonial Drawing-book, issued by the
authority of the Minister of Education, will indicate what is intended in
the syllabus to be the range of the freehand drawing from diagrams, but