1576
THE NEW ZEALAND GAZETTE.
[No. 72

(c.) The scope of the examination is here indicated more or less fully:—

Group I. (1.) Précis Writing, &c.—In addition to the making of précis, this subject shall include the reading, copying, and re-casting of manuscript, writing letters from hastily written, incomplete, or merely suggestive drafts or minutes, and the making of abstracts.

(2) In English Language and Literature a candidate shall be required to show a fair knowledge of the principles of English composition, ability to write good English, and a knowledge of certain special books, or else of certain special books together with a period of literature. The special books and the period of literature will be chosen from time to time and duly announced.

Group II. (1) to (6). In languages a candidate will be required to show reasonable proficiency in translating from and, especially, into the language chosen; and to answer questions in grammar arising from the passages chosen for translation.

(7.) Arithmetic and Algebra.—In this subject the work required shall be somewhat more difficult than that required for the matriculation examination of the New Zealand University. Algebra shall include quadratic equations.

(8) Euclid and Trigonometry.—Euclid, Books I. to IV., Book VI., 1, 2, 4, 8, 19, 20; Trigonometry to solution of plane triangles.

(9) Commercial Geography has to do with the producing and distributing of commercial commodities, especially food and foodstuffs, raw and manufactured products, minerals, &c., and with the various facilities for trade and hindrances to trade. The paper will have special reference to Great Britain, to New Zealand, to Australia and the Pacific Islands, and to America. The candidate should be acquainted with the chief geographical and local conditions under which commodities are produced and distributed; with the chief trade routes and means of transit, with the main features of tariffs so far as they affect New Zealand trade, with currencies, with social and political characters affecting or likely to affect trade with New Zealand, with ports or harbours, and with coaling-stations, with the chief post and telegraph routes, with capacity for commercial development, with statistics as to total population, and as to the export and import of the more important articles of trade in which New Zealand is interested. With regard to New Zealand, a candidate should be able to show, by chart or otherwise, the main physical and geographical features, the distribution of mineral products and of kauri gum, the distribution of vegetable products, the distribution of industries, the distribution of forests and of the main timber trees, the distribution of density of population, railway routes and trade lines, routes by sea to the countries with which most trade is done. He should also know what special inducement is offered by the Government of New Zealand to any given trade, and what exports and imports are carried on under special Government supervision or regulation.

(10) General History.—Candidates will be required to show a knowledge of the course and of the principal events of European history from the year 1680 to 1880, with some acquaintance with the circumstances prior to that date that affected the character and course of after history; also some knowledge of the history of British colonisation, and of the United States of America.

(11.) Constitutional History. — Constitutional history of England. The paper will be similar to the paper set for the B.A. examination of the New Zealand University, but it will be somewhat easier.

(12.) Botany. — Elementary general biology; elementary morphology, anatomy, and physiology of plants; life-history and elements of structure of the bean, the pine, the fern, the liverwort (Marchantia or Lunularia), of Spirogyra, of a mould (Mucor), of Hematococcus, of yeast, of Bacterium; a knowledge of the chief divisions of plants and the characters of the Pteridophyta (or vascular cryptogams), and of the following orders of flowering plants: Graminaceae, Liliaceae, Orchidaceae, Ranunculaceae, Cruciferae, Violaceae, Geraniaceae, Umbelliferae, Myrtaceae, Rosaceae, Leguminosae, Scrophulariaceae, Compositae; an elementary general knowledge of the New Zealand flora; recognition and classification of a well-known plant from a specimen or from a description. The process of dissecting plants, and of preparing sections for microscopical examination (not involving the use of other than the very commonest reagents). Ability to describe a flowering plant or a fern.

(13.) Zoology.—Elementary general biology, physiology, and histology; life-history and elements of structure of the dogfish, the mussel, the crayfish, the starfish, of Hydra, of Amoeba, as also of Hematococcus and of Bacterium; the principal characters of the following subdivisions of the animal kingdom: Protozoa (Rhizopoda, Foraminifera, Radiolaria, Flagellata, Ciliata), Porifera, Coelenterata (Hydrozoa, Anthozoa), Echinodermata (Asteroidea, Ophiuroidea, Echinoidea, Holothuroidea, Crinoidea), Platyhelminthes (Turbellaria, Trematoda, Cestoda), Nemathelminthes (Nematoda), Annelida (Hirudinea, Chaetopoda), Polyzoa, Mollusca (Gasteropoda, Cephalopoda, Lamellibranchiata), Arthropoda (Crustacea, Arachnida, Insecta), Chordata (Tunicata, Cephalochorda, Craniata—Pisces, Amphibia, Reptilia, Aves, Mammalia); an elementary general knowledge of the New Zealand fauna; recognition and classification of a well-known animal from a specimen or from a description. The simpler processes of dissecting and of preparing unstained objects for microscopical examination.

(14.) Physiology and the Structure of the Body.—The chief differences between animals and plants, especially as regards nutrition. The animal cell and its more important modifications. Structure of bone and of cartilage; the principal bones of the human skeleton, their arrangement and functions; structure of the principal joints. Muscles, their structure, mode of attachment, and functions, with a knowledge of the principal muscles that give form to the human body. The structure and functions of the vocal organs. The alimentary tract and the function of alimentation. The lymphatic system. The heart, and the circulatory system in general, including the physical composition and functions of the blood. Respiration and the respiratory organs. Glands, especially those concerned in alimentation; secretion in general; excretion and excretory organs. Structure and function of the kidneys. The skin and its functions. A general knowledge of the central nervous system, with a knowledge of a few of the principal nerves and of the principal forms of nerve endings; afferent and efferent nerves; reflex action and nerve function in general. The sympathetic nervous system. The organs of sense, especially the ear and the eye. Practical histological work will not be demanded, except in so far as the preparation, without the use of the microtome, of unstained tissue for microscopical examination is concerned. The paper will be so framed as to discover by practical tests, or otherwise, whether the candidate has actually dissected some readily available mammal, as rabbit, dog, or sheep.

(15.) Geology.—The general structure of the earth; mode of formation, character and classification of the chief rocks, especially those represented in New Zealand; a knowledge of the principles upon which classification as to age is determined; a knowledge of geological phenomena and of the methods of geological research; an elementary knowledge of the chief minerals that occur in New Zealand; an elementary knowledge of the chief orders of plants and the chief orders of animals that are at present represented in New Zealand; recognition of a well-known mineral or of a common rock from specimens or from descriptions.

(16.) Hygiene.—The candidate will be required to answer questions on elementary physiology and anatomy, on foods and foodstuffs, on water and beverages, on air and deleterious impurities of air, on fermentation and putrefaction, on cleanliness, on contagion; the characters of the chief contagious and infectious diseases, and on preventive measures; on clothing, on ventilation, on the disposal of refuse, and on sanitary precautions generally.

(17.) Sound, Light, Heat.—

Sound.

Production of sound; vibrations of sounding bodies; amplitude and frequency of vibrations; pitch and intensity; the causes influencing intensity; velocity of sound in various media, especially in air; sound-waves; wave-length; laws of reflection of sound; echoes and resonances; interference of sound-waves. Properties of musical notes; wave-lengths of notes; consonance and resonance; transverse vibrations; the use of the monochord in illustrating (1) nodes and loops, (2) variation of the note with the length, diameter, and tension of a wire; stringed instruments; longitudinal vibrations; open and closed pipes; wind instruments,