APRIL 7.] THE NEW ZEALAND GAZETTE. 587

56. Examination in Seamanship.—He must possess a thorough knowledge of the rule of the road as regards both steamers and sailing-vessels, their regulation lights, and fog- and sound-signals. He must be able to describe the signals of distress, and the signals to be made by ships wanting a pilot, and the liabilities and penalties incurred by the misuse of these signals; also the use and management of the rocket apparatus in the event of his vessel being stranded. He must be able to mark and use the lead- and log-lines, to moor and unmoor a vessel, and to manage a ship’s boat in heavy weather, &c. He must also understand the construction, use, and action of the bulkhead-slucies, the engine-room telegraph, &c., and to answer any other questions of a like nature appertaining to the duties of the mate of a home-trade passenger-ship which the Examiner may think proper to put to him.

57. Master.—A candidate must be not less than twenty years of age, and have served five years at sea, of which—
    (a.) One year must have been in a capacity not lower than that of only mate of a home-trade or coasting vessel, whilst holding a mate’s certificate for home-trade passenger-ships, or an only mate’s certificate for foreign-going vessels;
    (b.) Or, two and a half years must have been in a capacity not lower than second mate of a home-trade or coasting vessel in charge of a watch, whilst holding a mate’s certificate for home-trade passenger-ships or a second mate’s certificate for foreign-going vessels (see par. 107);
    (c.) Or, one year must have been as pilot with a first-class pilot’s certificate (see par. 104).

58. Examination in Navigation.—In addition to the qualifications required of a mate of a home-trade passenger-ship, a master will be required to find on a chart the course to steer by compass in order to counteract the effect of a given current, and to find the distance the ship will make good towards a given point in a certain time, and to work out practically the correction to apply to soundings taken at a given time and place, to compare with the depth marked on the chart, &c. He will also be required to understand the use of the quadrant, to be able to observe with it, to read off and on the arc, and to find the index error by the horizon. He will also be required to find the latitude by a meridian altitude of the sun, and to give written answers to certain practical questions on the subject of the deviation of the compass. (See also supplementary vivâ voce test, par. 149.)

59. Examination in Seamanship.—In addition to the qualifications required of a mate of a home-trade passenger-ship, a master must understand how to rig a sea-anchor, and what means to apply to keep a steamship with machinery disabled out of the trough of the sea; also how to get a cast of the lead in heavy weather, &c. He will be examined as to his resources for the preservation of the crew and passengers in the event of wreck, and the steps to be taken if his vessel is disabled and drifting towards a lee shore, and will be required to answer any other questions appertaining to the management of a home-trade passenger-ship which the Examiner may think necessary to put to him.

Rules for the Examination of Masters for Steamships plying within Restricted Limits.

60. General.—Candidates for examination must make a proper application, on a form which will be supplied on application at any Customhouse. This application, accompanied with the necessary testimonials, must be lodged at the Customhouse for delivery to the Examiners. Certificates procured on false information will be cancelled.

61. All candidates for certificates must pass the examination in colours.

62. Master.—A master of a steamer plying within restricted limits must be twenty-one years of age, and must have served at least one year at sea, or on board of a vessel plying within harbour limits. He must produce satisfactory testimonials of good conduct and sobriety. He must be able to read and write, and understand the five rules of arithmetic. He must understand the rules of the road as regards both steamers and sailing-vessels, their regulation lights and fog- and sound-signals, International Code of Signals, harbour regulations, and the colonial bar and tidal signals.

NOTE.—Time served in steamers plying within restricted limits does not count as service at sea for the purpose of obtaining a certificate for a sea-going ship.

Extra Certificates.

63. Certificates as Extra Master.—An extra master’s certificate will entitle the holder to go to sea as master of any vessel, sailing or steam.

The examination is voluntary, and intended for such persons as wish to prove their superior qualifications, and are desirous of having certificates of the highest grade granted by the Board of Trade.

The extra examination may take place when the applicant is qualified to go up for examination for an ordinary master’s certificate, or at any time subsequent to his having passed the examination for that certificate.

64. Examination in Navigation.—The candidate will be required to work out and show the construction of any four of the problems* prescribed for the ordinary certificates, and to satisfy the Examiner in the oral subjects prescribed for those certificates. He must also be prepared to be examined in any of the following subjects, showing the construction of all the problems :†—
    (a.) To work a lunar observation by either sun, star, or planet; and to compute the altitudes when they are not given.
    (b.) To find the latitude from double altitudes of the sun or of a star.
    (c.) To determine, from simultaneous observations of two different stars, the position of the ship and the true bearing of the stars, by Sumner’s method. The candidate may either determine the four longitudes from the two assumed latitudes which will be given, or solve the question in any other way he may choose.
    (d.) To find the error of a chronometer from the altitude of the sun or of a star, observed with an artificial or with the natural horizon.
    (e.) To explain clearly in writing the principles of (1) great-circle sailing, (2) windward great-circle sailing, (3) composite great-circle sailing; and their advantages and disadvantages.
    (f.) To show approximately on a terrestrial globe the great-circle track, and the distance from one given position to another; also the latitude and longitude of vertex, and the longitude from vertex; and to explain how the track can then be transferred to a Mercator’s chart. Occasionally the candidate will be required to lay the track down on a chart.
    (g.) To determine the initial great-circle course, and the distance from one given position to another, the latitude and longitude of vertex, the longitude from vertex, and the latitudes and longitudes through which the great circle will pass; laying the track, composite or otherwise, down on a Mercator’s chart, and explaining briefly how the course and distance from one point to another on this track is then found. This problem may, subject to the decision of the Examiner, be solved either by calculation, or by any tables, graphic method, or great-circle chart, known to and preferred by the candidate, and it will usually be set so as to leave the choice of method to the candidate.
    (h.) To draw a figure, and write down the trigonometrical ratios.
    (i.) Right-angled plane trigonometry; deducing and writing down the formula for each computation in the problem given.
    (j.) Oblique-angled plane trigonometry; deducing and writing down the formula, or the rule, for each computation in the problem given.
    (k.) To give Napier’s rules for circular parts for the solution of right-angled spherical triangles, explaining clearly how the different angles and sides are considered in deducing the formulæ.
    (l.) Right-angled spherical trigonometry.
    (m.) The laws of the deviation of the compass in iron ships.
    (n.) To construct a Mercator’s chart.
    (o.) The law of storms. The candidate to write a paper of what he knows of this subject.

He must be prepared to answer vivâ voce questions on the following subjects:—
(p.) The leading principles of the construction of the sextant and of the vernier.
(q.) The civil duties of a shipmaster, in which he will be expected to show a more extensive knowledge than a candidate for an ordinary master’s certificate.

The construction of the problems mentioned above must be shown as follows:—
(a.) A circle should be drawn projected on the plane of the horizon—unless the problem can be shown better otherwise—and a correct figure drawn in it, the magnitude of the sides and angles being estimated approximately by the eye.
(b.) The sides and angles used in solving the problem should be marked by distinguishing letters in the figure, and the candidate should for each fresh computation write down clearly what is given and

• Either of the chart papers, Exn. 9c or Exn. 9d, may be given as one of these four problems.
  † Two or three of these problems may usually be omitted, but all those set in the examination-papers given to the candidate must be worked.