THE NEW ZEALAND GAZETTE.
843

tion for longitude, and find his latitude by meri-
dian altitude of the sun; and to work such other
easy problems of a like nature as may be put to
him. He must understand the use of the sex-
tant, and be able to observe with it, and read off
the arc. He will be required to give the defini-
tions of the various terms used in nautical
astronomy, and will be examined as to his
acquaintance with the International Code of
Signals.

In Seamanship: He must give satisfactory
answers as to the rigging and unrigging of ships,
stowing of holds, &c.; must understand the mea-
surement of the log-line, glass, and lead-line; be
conversant with the rule of the road, as regards
both steamers and sailing vessels, and the lights
and fog-signals carried by them.

14. Only Mate.--An only mate must be nine-
    teen years of age, and have been five years at sea.

In Navigation: In addition to the qualification
required for a second mate, an only mate must
be able to observe and calculate the amplitude of
the sun, and deduce the variation of the compass
therefrom, and be able to find the longitude by
chronometer by the usual methods. He must
know how to lay off the place of the ship on the
chart, both by bearings of known objects, and by
latitude and longitude. He must be able to
determine the error of a sextant, and to adjust
it, also to find the time of high water from the
known time at full and change.

In Seamanship: In addition to what is required
for a second mate, he must know how to moor
and unmoor, and to keep a clear anchor; to carry
out an anchor, to stow a hold, and to make the
requisite entries in the ship's log. He will also
be questioned as to his knowledge of the use and
management of the mortar and rocket-lines, in
the case of the stranding of a vessel, as explained
in the official log-book.

15. Candidates for examination for the grades
    of first mate and master shall be examined in
    Sumner's method by projection. This subject
    shall be considered as forming part of the Navi-
    gation Examination.

Candidates will be required to ascertain their
longitude by chronometer worked with two
assumed latitudes, one greater and one less than
the latitude by dead reckoning.

They are to mark off the two positions so
ascertained on the chart, and are then to connect
them with a straight line, which will show the
bearing of any land it may intersect, and draw a
line at right angles to this, in the direction of
the sun, showing the sun's true bearing.

With reference to a second observation, the
candidates will not be for the present obliged to
perform the calculations. The longitudes corres-
ponding to the two latitudes are to be furnished
to them by the Examiner, together with the
course and distance made good by the ship
between the two observations. The candidates
will then be required to correct the first line of
equal altitude for the ship's change of station in
the interval between the two observations, to
project the line of equal altitude corresponding
to the second observation on the chart, showing
by its intersection with the first line of equal
altitude, as corrected for change of station, the
position of the ship at the time of the second

observation. Outline charts, extending from 33°
to 47° of latitude, will be furnished to the different
Examiners for this purpose.

16. First Mate.- A first mate must be nine-
    teen years of age, and have served five years at
    sea, of which one year must have been as either
    second or only mate, or as both.*

In Navigation: In addition to what is required
for an only mate, he must be able to observe
azimuths, and to compute the variation; to com-
pare chronometers and keep their rates, and find
the longitude by them from an observation of the
sun; to work the latitude by single altitude of
the sun off the meridian, and be able to use and
adjust the sextant by the sun.

In Seamanship: In addition to the qualifica-
tions required for an only mate, a more extensive
knowledge of seamanship will be required, as to
shifting large spars and sails, managing a ship in
stormy weather, taking in and making sail, shift-
ing yards and masts, &c., and getting heavy
weights, anchors, &c., in and out; casting a ship
when on a lee-shore; and securing the masts in
the event of accident to the bowsprit.

17. Master, Ordinary.-A master must be
    twenty-one years of age, and have been six years
    at sea, of which at least one year must have been
    as first or only mate, and one year as second
    mate.

In addition to the qualification for a first
mate, he must be able to find the latitude by a
star, &c. He will be asked questions as to the
nature of the deviation of the compass, and as to
the methods of determining it and correcting his
course, and will also have to answer questions
relative to the heeling error of an iron ship:
copies of these questions may be obtained on
application to the Superintendent of any Mercan-
tile Marine Office. He will be examined in so
much of the laws of the tides as is necessary to
enable him to shape a course and to compare his
soundings with the depths marked on the charts.
He will be examined as to his competency to
construct jury rudders and rafts, and as to his
resources for the preservation of the ship's crew
in the event of wreck. He must possess a suffi-
cient knowledge of what he is required to do by
law, as to entry and discharge and the manage-
ment of his crew, and as to penalties, and
entries to be made in the official log; and a
knowledge of the measures for preventing and
checking the outbreak of scurvy on board ship.
He will be questioned as to his knowledge of
invoices, charter-party, Lloyd's Agent, and as to
the nature of bottomry; and he must be ac-
quainted with the leading lights of the channel
he has been accustomed to navigate, or which he
is going to use.

18. Master, Extra.-An extra master's exami-
    nation is voluntary, and intended for such persons
    as wish to prove their superior qualifications, and
    are desirous of having certificates for the highest
    grade granted.

In Navigation: As the vessels which such masters
will command frequently make long voyages, the
candidate will be required to work a lunar obser-
vation by both sun and star, and to determine the
latitude by the moon, by polar star off the meri-

• Service in a superior capacity is in all cases to be an
  equivalent to service in an inferior capacity.