THE NEW ZEALAND GAZETTE.

I have already said that the earth system has not
been used on any very large scale, and for the present
there may in very large towns be practical difficul-
ties in its working beyond those which I have con-
sidered among the objections to it. There is probably
small need to indicate a present limit of size for the
towns in which the system may properly be adopted,
as it certainly will be tried in small places before it
is employed in large ones, or it will (as in Lancaster)
be applied to parts of a town before it is used to the
whole. But in places up to 10,000 population, in so
far as they are either keeping their excrement in
cesspools or middens, or are unable satisfactorily to
dispose of it by irrigation, the earth system may be
stated at once to offer decided advantage.

SUMMARY AS TO THE ADVANTAGES OF THE EARTH
SYSTEM.

In conclusion, then, my inquiry brings me to the
following results:–

(1.) The earth closet, intelligently managed, fur-
nishes a means of disposing of excrement without
nuisance, and apparently without detriment to health.

(2.) In communities, the earth-closet system re-
quires to be managed by the authority of the place,
and will pay at least the expenses of its management.

(3.) In the poorer class of houses, where super-
vision of any closet arrangements is indispensable,
the adoption of the earth system offers especial
advantages.

(4.) The earth system of excrement removal does
not supersede the necessity for an independent means
of removing slops, rain water, and soil water.

(5.) The limits of application of the earth system
in the future cannot be stated. In existing towns,
favourably arranged for access to the closets, the
system might at once be applied to populations of
10,000 persons.

(6.) As compared with the water closet, the earth
closet has these advantages :—It is cheaper in original
cost; it requires less repair; it is not injured by frost;
it is not damaged by improper substances being thrown
down it, and it very greatly reduces the quantity of
water required by each household.

(7.) As regards the application of excrement to
the land, the advantages of the earth system are
these : the whole agricultural value of the excrement
is retained; the resulting manure is in a state in
which it can be kept, carried about, and applied to
crops with facility; there is no need for restricting
its use to any particular area, nor for using it at times
when agriculturally it is worthless, and it can be
applied with advantage to a very great variety, if not
to all, crops and soils. After the disposal of excre-
ment by earth, irrigation will continue to have its
value as a means of extracting from the refuse water
of a place whatever agricultural value it may possess
for the benefit of such crops and such places as can
advantageously be subjected to the process.

(8.) These conclusions have no reference to the
disposal of trade or manufacturing refuse, which it is
assumed ought to be dealt with, as belonging to the
business in which it is produced, by the people who
produce it, and not to come within the province of
local authorities to provide for.

Colonial Secretary's Office,
Wellington, 27th November, 1871.

HIS Excellency the Governor has been pleased to
appoint

Lieut.-Colonel EDWARD GORTON
to be Inspector of Stores under "The Public Stores
Act, 1871."

W. GISBORNE.

Colonial Secretary's Office,
Wellington, 29th November, 1871.

IT is hereby notified that, in conformity with clause
3 of "The Otago Municipal Corporations Em-
powering Act, 1865," the name of the under-
tioned person has been sent to this office by the
Town Clerk as having been elected Mayor of Bal-
clutha :--

JOHN MCNEIL, Esq.

W. GISBORNE.

PURSUANT to the Regulations for the Sale,
Disposal, and Occupation of Lands taken under
the provisions of "The New Zealand Settlements
Act, 1863," and "The New Zealand Settlements and
Continuance Act, 1865," and which said Regulations
are contained in the Schedule to an Order in Council,
made and issued on the eleventh day of May, one
thousand eight hundred and seventy-one, and pub-
lished in the New Zealand Gazette of the first day of
June in the same year: It is hereby notified that
the parcel of land specified in the Schedule hereto
(and which land was, on the tenth day of May, 1871,
reserved for the purpose therein mentioned), will, on
the expiration of three calendar months from the
publication of this notice, be withdrawn from such
reservation.

Dated this 25th day of November, 1871.

W. GISBORNE,
Colonial Secretary.

SCHEDULE.

TOWNSHIP OF OPUNAKE, PROVINCE OF TARANAKI.

ment purposes.

Colonial Secretary's Office,
(Judicial Branch,)
Wellington, 27th November, 1871.

HIS Excellency the Governor has been pleased to
accept the resignation by

MATHEW JAMIESON LOGAN, Esq.,
of Waikato, of his appointment as a Justice of the
Peace for the Colony.

W. GISBORNE.

Colonial Secretary's Office,
(Judicial Branch,)
Wellington, 27th November, 1871.

HIS Excellency the Governor has been pleased to
accept the resignation by

JOHN DEWE, Esq., J.P.,
of Tokomairiro, Otago, of his appointment as a
Coroner for the Colony.

W. GISBORNE.

Colonial Secretary's Office,
(Judicial Branch,)
Wellington, 27th November, 1871.

HIS Excellency the Governor has been pleased to
appoint

JAMES PILLANS MAITLAND, Esq., J.P.,